U5

Question 1

2 different mechanisms of body defences

Answer 1

• innate (non-specific)
• adaptive (specific)

Question 2

first line of defence

Answer 2

• body components that act like barriers to keep foreign particles from entering the body

Question 3

epidermis

Answer 3

dead cells of skin filled with keratin

Question 4

largest organ in the body

Answer 4

skin

Question 5

eccrine glads

Answer 5

secrete acidic solution that slows bacteria growth

Question 6

sebaceous glads

Answer 6

associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum containing antibacterial compounds that kill bacteria before they can invade skins surface

Question 7

mucous membranes

Answer 7

line body cavities that are open to exterior
produce mucus containing antibacterial substances and secretions

Question 8

antigen

Answer 8

foreign substance or pathogen that elicits an immune response

Question 9

________ and _______ in lymph nodes consume bacteria and viruses and remove cellular debris

Answer 9

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 10

lymphoid tissues

Answer 10

tonsils
thymus
spleen
peyers patches
appendix
MALT

Question 11

2nd line of defense

Answer 11

activate is materials pass 1st
- phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins and inflammatory response

Question 12

_______ and _______ are classified as phagocytes

Answer 12

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 13

phagocytosis

Answer 13

phagocytes engulf forgiven materials into vacuoles where enzymes from lysosomes digest material

Question 14

differences between macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 14

m - organ systems
- long lived
- fewer

n - blood vessels at site of infection
- abundent
- short lived

Question 15

diapedesis

Answer 15

allows neutrophils to squeeze between cells of walls and blood vessels

Question 16

natural killer cells

Answer 16

• in blood and lymph
• destroy virus infected and cancerous cells

Question 17

how do NKC work

Answer 17

attach to target cells and release perforin that inserts molecules into target cell
integrity of target cell membrane is lost and cell ruptures

Question 18

antimicrobacterial chemicals

Answer 18

either attack or hinder reproduction of microorganisms

Question 19

complement fixation

Answer 19

plasma proteins that activate when they encounter and attach to certain sugars and proteins
result in formation of membrane attack complexes that produce lesions

Question 20

opsonization

Answer 20

vasodilators and chemotaxis chemicals released that attract phagocytes

Question 21

interferons

Answer 21

amtimicrobacterial proteins produced by infected cells bind to uninfected cells to provide protection from viral infection

Question 22

histamine

Answer 22

released from mast cells or basophils in the body and blood respectively

Question 23

histamine causes …

Answer 23

• arterioles in affected area dilate bringing in blood
• capillaries become leaky causing edema
• activates pain receptors

Question 24

cause of fever

Answer 24

pyrogens
- chemicals secreted by leukocytes that act on hypothalamus to rest bodies thermostat

Question 25

mild fevers assist in ______ and reduce resources needed for _________ to multiply

Answer 25

healing bacteria

Question 26

3rd line of defense (adaptive)

Answer 26

lymphocytes, antibodies, macrophages, and other antigen presenting cells

Question 27

antigen specific

Answer 27

recognizes and acts against foreign substances

Question 28

systemic

Answer 28

not restricted to initial site of infection

Question 29

previously encountered pathogens are recognized and a ____ stronger response results on secondary exposure

Question 30

self antigens

Answer 30

antigens produced by our own cells that our immune system doesnt reject

Question 31

when do self antigens cause issues

Answer 31

during organ transplant when the nw body rejects the donors self antigens

Question 32

humeral immunity

Answer 32

provided by antibodies present in body fluids

Question 33

cell mediated immunity

Answer 33

based on cell to cell contact between immune cell and target cell

Question 34

different forms of lymphocytes

Answer 34

B-type = antibody mediated T-type = cell mediated (thymus)

Question 35

lymphocytes originate from _______ in bone marrow then it becomes ___________

Answer 35

nemocytoblasts immunocompetent

Question 36

immunocompetent

Answer 36

cells become capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it

Question 37

plasma cells

Answer 37

derived from B-type lymphocytes - produce antibodies that are carried in blood plasma and are capable of binding to antigens

Question 38

there are variable and constant regions in an antibody what are the variable regions for

Answer 38

form different combos making the binding specific for different antigens

Question 39

antibodies inactivate antigens via

Answer 39

complement fixation neutralization assiutination precipitation

Question 40

primary humeral response

Answer 40

- initial encounter - B cells activated - plasma cells secrete antibodies

Question 41

secondary humoral response

Answer 41

- memory cells are long lived - second exposure causes rapid response - 2nd is stronger and longer lasting

Question 42

in cell mediated immunity antigens are transported to ... then

Answer 42

surface of macrophages or dendrite cells presented tp an immonocompetnet T-cell (antigen presentation) upon binding T cells replicate to form antigen specific clones

Question 43

types of antigen specific clones

Answer 43

- cytosolic T cells (destroy infected cells by inserting perforin in membrane) - helper T cells (recruit other cells to the infection site to fight invading including other T and B cells

Question 44

actively acquired natural immunity

Answer 44

infections by pathogens resulting in development of antibodies and cytosolic T-cells

Question 45

passively acquired natural immunity

Answer 45

form antibodies passed Fromm mother to fetus

Question 46

actively acquired artificial immunity

Answer 46

infection by dead/weakened pathogens and development of antibodies and cytoxic T cells (basis behind vaccination)

Question 47

passively acquired artificial immunity

Answer 47

injection of immune serum which contains antibodies ro specific antigens