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8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) > U6L4 Civil Rights > Flashcards

U6L4 Civil Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

Mexican Americans were not subjected to segregation, however, what other discrimination did they face?

A

In the Southwest, all-white schools closed their doors to Mexican American children. Instead, poorly equipped “Mexican schools” served them. Custom kept Mexican Americans from living in certain neighborhoods or using certain hotels or restaurants. Often, better-paying jobs were not open to them.

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2
Q

What does NAACP stand for?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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3
Q

What does NAACP do for African Americans?

A

For African Americans, the NAACP led the drive against discrimination.

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4
Q

How did the members of NAACP rise during WW2? How did this help?

A

During World War II, NAACP membership rocketed from 50,000 to 500,000. Under Thurgood Marshall, its Legal Defense Fund mounted several court battles against segregation. It also helped blacks register to vote and fought for equal opportunity in housing and employment.

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5
Q

How was Jackie Robinson significant in the fight against segregation?

A

Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball in 1947 when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was even named rookie of the year.

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6
Q

How was Moses Fleetwood Walker significant in the fight against segregation?

A

Moses Fleetwood Walker had a black player joined the major leagues. Walker was the first African American player to join a major league team in 1884.

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7
Q

Why did President Truman order integration in the armed forces?

A

Pressure form civil rights groups.

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8
Q

What is integration? How did this play a part in the Korean War?

A

Under pressure from civil rights groups, President Truman ordered integration, or the mixing of different racial groups, in the armed forces in 1948. During the Korean War, black and white soldiers fought side by side.

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9
Q

What was the Civil Rights Movement?

A

They took their cases to court but also protested in the streets. Their efforts became known as the Civil Rights Movement.

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10
Q

What did lawyers of the Plessy v. Ferguson case, say about the outcome?

A

During the 1940s, the NAACP did not attack this idea head on. Instead, its lawyers argued that schools for African American students were not equal to white schools.

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11
Q

Lawyers argued that schools for African American students were not equal to white schools. What change did this bring?

A

Such a legal strategy might improve black schools and other segregated facilities case by case, but those cases did little to end segregation. By the early 1950s, laws in 21 states and the District of Columbia still enforced separate black and white public schools. Virtually all of the black schools were inferior to the white ones.

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12
Q

What did Oliver Brown do that brought him to court?

A

Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kansas, decided to challenge the Kansas school segregation law. He asked the local school board to let his daughter, Linda, attend a nearby white school rather than the distant black school to which she had been assigned. When board members refused, Brown filed a suit against the school board with the help of the NAACP. The case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka reached the Supreme Court.

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13
Q

Why did Oliver Brown hire Thurgood Marshall as his lawyer?

A

He specialized in civil rights cases

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14
Q

What ties did Thurgood Marshall have with NAACP?

A

Marshall had served as legal director of the NAACP for more than ten years.

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15
Q

How did Thurgood Marshall challenge the idea of “separate but equal”?

A

Segregated schools, he argued, could never provide equal education. By their very nature, said Marshall, segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave “equal protection” to all citizens.

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16
Q

Who won the ruling? In the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case?

A

Oliver Brown

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17
Q

A year later, after the Brown v. Board of Eduction of Topeka case, the Court ordered the schools to be desegregated “with all deliberate speed.” How did segregated school feel about this?

A

In a few places, schools were integrated without much trouble. In many others, officials resisted. White politicians in these places decided that the phrase “with all deliberate speed” could mean they could take years to integrate their schools. Or, perhaps they would never obey the decision.

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18
Q

Why did Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus call out the National Guard in 1957?

A

to keep African American students from attending the all-white Central High School in Little Rock

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19
Q

What did President Eisenhower do when Kansas didn’t allow blacks into the all-white Central High School?

A

President Eisenhower finally sent in federal troops because the Arkansas governor was defying a federal court order. Under their protection, black students entered Central High.

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20
Q

How did President Eisenhower’s action to send troops to the Kansas Central High school show progress in the civil rights movement?

A

Eisenhower was the first President since Reconstruction to use armed troops in support of African American rights. The action showed that the federal government could play a key role in protecting civil rights.

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21
Q

What does AGIF stand for?

A

American GI Forum of the United States

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22
Q

Why was AGIF created?

A

Mexican American veterans founded the AGIF in 1948 in order to campaign for equal rights.

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23
Q

What did AGIF do?

A

Similar to the NAACP, the AGIF supported legal challenges to discrimination.

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24
Q

What was the Hernández v. Texas case about?

A

Pete Hernández, a Mexican American, had been convicted of murder by an all-white jury in Texas. Among the lawyers who appealed his conviction was Gus Garcia, one of the leaders of the AGIF. Attorney James DeAnda, another Mexican American, also helped. Hernández’s lawyers argued that Mexican Americans in Texas were denied equality under the law because they were excluded from juries. The Supreme Court agreed. It overturned the conviction and ended the exclusion of Mexican Americans from Texas juries.

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25
How did the Hernández v. Texas help the civil rights movement?
It overturned the conviction and ended the exclusion of Mexican Americans from Texas juries. In the future, other minority groups would use this decision to help win their civil rights.
26
What was President Truman’s 1948 response to pressure from civil rights groups?
He ordered the integration of the armed forces.
27
What landmark Supreme Court case determined separate is not equal in schools?
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
28
What group did Mexican-American veterans form to fight for equal rights?
American GI Forum of the United States
29
Why was Rosa Parks put in jail?
She was riding home from work on a crowded bus in Montgomery, Alabama. The driver ordered her to move to the back of the bus so that a white man could have her seat, as Alabama's segregation laws required. Parks, a well-known activist and a former secretary of the local chapter of the NAACP, refused to leave her seat. She was arrested and put in jail.
30
After Rosa Parks was put in jail, what did African American people start doing?
That night, several women from the NAACP composed a letter asking all African Americans to boycott, or refuse to use, the buses. The boycott, they hoped, would hurt the city financially and force an end to segregation on the buses. The women distributed thousands of copies of the letter to the African Americans in Montgomery.
31
Who lead the new organization, Montgomery Improvement Association?
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
32
How long did the bus boycott last?
The boycott lasted from December 5 to December 20 of the next year. MIA carpools took some 20,000 African Americans to and from work each day. Many people simply walked. One elderly woman coined a phrase that became a motto of the boycott: “My feets is tired, but my soul is rested.”
33
How did white people react to the bus boycott?
Angry whites fought back. Employers threatened to fire African Americans if they did not abandon the boycott. Police handed out traffic tickets to harass boycotters, and they frequently stopped African American drivers and demanded to see their licenses. They arrested King for speeding and kept him in jail for several days. King's house was bombed. Still, the boycott continued.
34
Why did King tell his followers to limit their actions to civil disobedience?
King insisted that his followers limit their actions to civil disobedience, or nonviolent protests against unjust laws. He said, “We must use the weapon of love. We must have compassion and understanding for those who hate us.”
35
How did churches play a big role in the bus boycott?
Churches played a central role in the lives of African Americans across the country. In Montgomery, mass meetings were held in black churches. There, boycotters sang together, prayed together, and listened to stories of sacrifice. The churches kept morale high, provided leadership, and helped boycotters give each other courage and inspiration.
36
When did the government finally acknowledge the bus boycott?
Finally, the MIA filed a federal lawsuit to end bus segregation in Montgomery. In 1956, almost a year after Rosa Parks had refused to move to the back of the bus, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on Alabama buses was unconstitutional. The Montgomery bus company agreed to integrate the buses and to hire African American bus drivers.
37
What does MIA stand for?
Montgomery Improvement Association
38
How did the effect of the bus boycott in Montgomery influence other people?
The boycott brought national attention to the Civil Rights Movement. It launched nonviolent protest as a key tactic in the struggle for equality. Finally, the boycott introduced the nation to a new generation of African American leaders. Many were ministers from African American churches.
39
Who founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?
King and other African American leaders
40
What is the SCLC consist of?
The group, consisting of nearly one hundred black ministers, elected King president and the Reverend Ralph Abernathy treasurer
41
What did the SCLC do?
The SCLC urged African Americans to fight injustice by using civil disobedience.
42
What was the type of protest called sit-ins?
Anne and her friends were using a form of protest called sit-ins, in which people sit and refuse to leave. The first sit-in took place at a lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960. During the 1960s, thousands of blacks and whites were conducting sit-ins at public places across the South. (If you wanna understand the Anna story, go to page 826 is history textbook)
43
What did polices use respond to black protesters?
Police sometimes responded by using attack dogs or water hoses against protesters.
44
What happened to houses and churches of black leaders?
They were bombed
45
What happened to some civil rights workers?
Civil rights workers—black and white—were sometimes injured or killed.
46
How did many Americans become sympathetic of protesters?
By remaining nonviolent, protesters gained a moral advantage and the sympathy of many Americans.
47
In 1963, why did more than 200,000 Americans marched on Washington, D.C.?
They wanted Congress to pass laws to end discrimination and to help the poor. Among the speakers that day was Martin Luther King, Jr. The demonstrations spurred Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to press for federal civil rights laws.
48
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do?
Civil Rights Act of 1964, which protected the right of all citizens to vote. It also outlawed discrimination in hiring and ended segregation in public places.
49
How was Fannie Lou Harmer significant in gaining voting right for African Americans?
At the Democratic National Convention in 1964, Fannie Lou Hamer, an African American, told of her experiences while trying to register to vote in Mississippi. Her efforts, along with the help of others, were successful in gaining voting rights.
50
What does the Voting Rights Act do?
In 1965, the Voting Rights Act allowed federal officials to register voters in states practicing discrimination. It also ended literacy tests used to block African Americans from voting. As a result, tens of thousands of African Americans voted for the first time.
51
What discrimination existed in the North?
In the North, no formal system of segregation existed. Informally, though, housing in certain neighborhoods and employment in many companies remained closed to African Americans.
52
What did The Black Panthers believe?
Some African Americans believed that nonviolent protest had failed.
53
What did the Black Panthers do?
The Black Panthers and other radical groups told African Americans to arm themselves. Blacks, they said, had to be ready to protect themselves and to fight for their rights.
54
What did some Black Muslims believe?
Black Muslims, such as Malcolm X, argued that African Americans could succeed only if they separated from white society.
55
Before being assassinated in 1965, Malcolm X began to change his views. He called for “a society in which there could exist honest white-black brotherhood.”
That's it.
56
What was the common ground between moderates and radicals? | Civil rights
"Black power"
57
What was moderates' and radicals' view on "black power"?
They urged African Americans to achieve economic independence by starting their own businesses and shopping in African American-owned stores. Leaders also called for “black pride,” encouraging African Americans to learn more about their heritage and culture.
58
Describe the violent riots in Watts, Los Angeles.
A confrontation between a white police officer and an African American man in Watts, an African America neighborhood in Los Angeles, triggered a riot there in August. During the next six days, rioters set fire to buildings and looted stores. Some 4,000 people were arrested, 34 were killed, and 1,000 were injured.
59
Describe the violent protests in Chicago, Detroit.
Over the next two years, Chicago, Detroit, and dozens of other cities exploded with violence, destruction, and death.
60
What results began to show in the 1970s for African Americans? (Offices)
African Americans won public offices in small towns and large cities. Atlanta, Cleveland, Detroit, New Orleans, and Los Angeles had all elected black mayors by 1979.
61
What were affirmative action programs?
These programs sought to hire and promote minorities, women, and others who had faced discrimination. By the 1970s, more African Americans were entering such professions as medicine and law. Yet, for all their efforts, African Americans still had to contend with bias in hiring, promotions, and pay.
62
What was the outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation on Alabama buses was unconstitutional, and the Montgomery bus company agreed to integrate the buses and hire African American drivers.
63
Which civil rights leader believed African Americans had to separate from white America?
Malcolm X
64
What law was President Lyndon Johnson able to push through in 1964?
Civil Rights Act of 1964
65
Many Mexican Americans worked as migrant workers. What were migrant workers?
Many more labored as migrant workers who traveled from farm to farm looking for work. Low wages and harsh working conditions made life difficult for them. Discrimination made things worse.
66
Latinos in the eastern United States often came from ____________.
Puerto Rico
67
What jobs did most Puerto Ricans take in America?
In the 1950s, thousands left Puerto Rico in search of work in the United States. Many took jobs in the factories of New York City, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Some went to Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco. Puerto Ricans also faced discrimination in housing and jobs wherever they settled.
68
Why did some Cubans go to America?
Between 1959 and 1962, some 200,000 people fled to southern Florida when Fidel Castro set up a Communist government in Cuba.
69
How did the first waves of Cuban immigrants do in America?
These immigrants were often middle class and well educated. They adapted quickly to their new home.
70
Why was there a second waves of Cuban immigrants?
A second wave of immigrants came in 1980 after Castro allowed thousands of people to leave the island.
71
What were the 3 main Latino groups in America?
1. Mexicans 2. Puerto Ricans 3. Cubans
72
Where did most Cuban Americans settle?
In South Florida
73
How did Cubans influence Florida?
Miami took on a new look. Shop windows displayed signs in Spanish. Cuban restaurants and shops opened. Cubans published Spanish-language newspapers and operated radio and television stations. Cuban American politicians were soon elected.
74
What did César Chávez do?
César Chávez formed a union of migrant workers, the United Farm Workers.
75
How was the United Farm Union significant in getting Latinos higher wages?
When farm owners refused to talk to the union, Chávez called for a nationwide boycott of farm products. In the end, the owners recognized the union, and workers won higher wages.
76
What did Mexican Americans call themselves? What do it mean?
Mexican Americans called themselves Chicanos, a name that comes from the Spanish word Mexicano.
77
Latino groups also registered voters and made sure that voting laws were enforced. These new voters helped to elect more Latino officials to represent their interests. What was one of the results of this action?
Voting rights of 1975 ... It required areas with many non-English-speaking citizens to hold bilingual elections. In a bilingual election, information is provided in more than one language. With a ballot that was written in Spanish, it was easier for Latinos to vote.
78
What did the Bilingual Education Acts of 1968 and 1973 do?
Promoted bilingual programs in public schools with Spanish-speaking and Asian students.
79
How rounded the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA)?
In 1968, students at the University of California at Berkeley founded the AAPA.
80
What did the AAPA do?
Students of Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and other Asian descent joined to promote the rights and culture of Asian Americans.
81
What effect did AAPA have on the Asian community?
As a result, between 1968 and 1973, universities across the nation created programs in Asian American studies.
82
What rights did American Indians work to earn?
They claimed rights not only as individuals but also as members of tribal groups.
83
How did American Indians' tribal customs weaken?
During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the federal government tried to break up tribal governments. They also encouraged American Indians to leave the reservations. By the late 1960s, more than half of all American Indians lived off the reservations, mainly in cities. Gradually, city life weakened traditional customs.
84
What was the goal of the American Indian Movement (AIM)?
The treatment of Indians
85
Why did AIM members occupy Wounded Knee, South Dakota?
As you have read, the United States Army had killed nearly 300 American Indians at Wounded Knee in 1890. AIM wanted to remind people of the government's failure to deal fairly with American Indians. Protests and court cases have won sympathy for Indian causes and more rights for American Indians.
86
What inequality was shown in the workplace? | Men and woman
In the workplace qualified women found that male employers were unwilling to hire them for certain jobs, and women were usually paid less than men, even for the same work. They were fired before men and promoted less quickly.
87
What did the National Organization for Women (NOW) do?
Worked for equal rights for women in jobs, pay, and education. It also helped women bring discrimination cases to court and campaigned for maternity leave and child-care centers.
88
Urging women to be more politically active, what did NOW organize?
The Strike for Equality Parade down New York's Fifth Avenue in 1970.
89
What did the Equal Pay Act of 1963 do?
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required equal pay for equal work.
90
What is the Civil Rights of 1964 do?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination in hiring based on gender and on race.
91
Who was Betty Friedan?
In 1966, writer Betty Friedan helped to set up the National Organization for Women (NOW).
92
What was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?
The amendment would ban discrimination based on gender.
93
Why did the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) pass?
Phyllis Schlafly and other conservative women led a successful campaign against ratification of the amendment. They said the ERA would lead to women being drafted into the military and would harm the traditional family.
94
What was the major defeat for woman in 1970?
The unratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.
95
What was the first gay rights organization?
In 1924, the first gay rights organization, The Society for Human Rights, was founded.
96
What happened to the Society for Human Rights?
The group received so much political pressure that it broke up shortly after it was created in 1924.
97
What did President Dwight D. Eisenhower do to the gay/lesbian community?
He banned the hiring of gay men and lesbians for government jobs.
98
Who founded the Mattachine Society?
Chuck Rowland and Harry Hay
99
What was the Mattachine Society made up of?
This was a gay rights group of mostly male members.
100
Who founded the Daughters of Bilitis?
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon
101
What group was the Daughters of Bilitis?
A lesbian group
102
What did the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis do?
They also began to publish magazines promoting rights for gays and lesbians. In the 1960s, activists protested against employment discrimination in Washington, D.C., and San Francisco. At this time, homosexuality was against the law in most of the United States.
103
What was the Stonewall Inn in New York City known as?
a known gathering place for homosexuals
104
Why did polices raid the Stonewall Inn in Nee York City?
They aimed to arrest people just for being there. Police had been making such arrests for years.
105
Why did the raids on the Stonewall Inn inspire gay men and lesbians to do?
That night and for several days afterwards, homosexuals from around New York City rioted against the police. The events of Stonewall inspired gay men and lesbians elsewhere to fight for equal rights.
106
The next year, 5,000 gay men and women marked the first anniversary of the riots with a march in New York City. The event became a yearly celebration.
That's it.
107
How did discrimination affect Mexican Americans?
They couldn’t get better-paying jobs and were kept out of better neighborhoods and schools.
108
Why did Native Americans find they were losing many of their traditional customs?
They were in U.S. cities rather than on their reservations.
109
What workplace discrimination did women face?
They were not eligible for the same jobs and were paid less, fired before men, and promoted less quickly.
110
What does Martin Luther King, Jr. dream for his four children?
that one day they will not be judged based on the color of their skin
111
When he mentions allowing freedom to ring, about whose freedom is he talking?
freedom for people of all races and religions

8th: Social Studies (Semester 2) (57 decks)

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