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U9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 things do the testes produce?

A
  1. sperm 2. sex hormones
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2
Q

Where is the actual site for spermatogenesis?

A

seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

What secretes testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells

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4
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

sperm development

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5
Q

What are spermatagonia?

A

undifferentiated cells that sperm cells are derived from. they divide mitotically

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6
Q

How are primary spermatocytes formed?

A

spermatogonia move away from the outer wall to increase in size

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7
Q

What do primary spermatocytes turn into?

A

secondary spermatocytes

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes vs secondary soermatocytes have?

A
  1. 23.
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9
Q

How do the chromosomes between secondary spermatocytes and spermatids differ?

A

They both have 23 but spermatocytes have 2 chromatids and spermatids have 1

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10
Q

What supports, nourishes and regulates sperm cells?

A

sertoli cells

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11
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

stores sperm and makes them able to swim

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12
Q

What is the purpose of seminal vesicle?

A

contributes to seminal fluid

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13
Q

What is the function of the Cowper’s gland?

A

contributes to seminal fluid

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14
Q

What happens if an older man’s prostate enlarges?

A

It can become painful to urinate and surgery may be needed to fix it

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15
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Conducts sperm and urine out of the body

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16
Q

What is the function of the Vas Deferens?

A

Conducts and stores sperm coming from the testes and conducts to the urethra

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17
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

serves as an organ for copulation

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18
Q

Explain the 6 steps of a sperm cell being formed to ejaculation

A
  1. Sperm formed in seminiferous tubules of testes 2. Sperm matures and is stored in the epididymus 3. transported to and stored in vas deferans 4. enters urethra 5. prostate, cowper’s gland, and seminal vesicle add secretions to semes 6. semen and sperm exit through the penis
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19
Q

What are the 2 sources of seminal fluid?

A

cowper’s gland, seminal vesicle, and prostate gland

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20
Q

What does the seminal fluid provide?

A
  1. maintains pH at 7.5
  2. fructose for energy for the sperm
  3. prostalglandins = chemicals which cause utreter to contract
  4. Aids sperm movement
    5.Lubrication
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21
Q

Sperm head has what place to hold enzyme? why?

A

Acrosome holds a type of lysosome, Breaks down part of egg membrane so that sperm can penetrate

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22
Q

What does the middle of sperm contain and why?

A

mitocohondia; for energy

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23
Q

What is the sperm tail used for?

A

locomotion

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24
Q

What part of the brain tells the testes to produce sperm?

A

the pituitary gland

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25
What 3 things is testosterone critical for?
1. development of primary sex organs 2. development of sperm 3. maturation of penis and testes
26
What part of the brain releases GnRH?
the hypothalamus
27
What does GnRH affect?
It stimulates the anterior pituitary to release 2 gonadotropic hormones
28
What are the 2 gonadotropic hormones the anterior pituitary releases and what do they do?
1. FSH: follic stimulating hormone - tells spermatogenesis to happen in the seminiferous tubules 2. LH: Leutinizing hormone: promotes production of testosterone in the interstitial cells
29
Explain the relationship between testosterone and LH
The relationship between testosterone and LH is a negative feedback loop. More testosterone less LH, less testosterone from less LH, more LH added.
30
Explain the relationship between FSH and sperm production?
Too much sperm >> increase in inhibin >> decrease in FSH >> less sperm >> less inhibin >> increase in FSH
31
Describe 2 key features of the vestibule
1. cleft between the labia minora 2. contains opening to the urethra and vagina
32
Describe 2 key features of the fimbrae
1. finger like projections that brush over the ovaries 2. like cilia in the oviducts, cause a current that sways egg into the oviduct
33
What is another name for the oviducts?
fallopian tubes
34
What are the 2 functions of the ovaries?
1. produces eggs 2. produces sex hormones
35
What is the effect of estrogen on the brain?
1. maintains body temperature 2. may delay memory loss 3. regulate parts of the brain that prepare the body for sexual and reproductive development
36
What is the effect of estrogen on the heart and liver?
1. regulates the liver's production of cholesterol decreasing the build up of plaque in the coronary arteries
37
What is the effect of estrogen on the ovaries?
1. maturation of ovaries 2. stimulates start of menstraul cycle
38
What is estrogen's effect on the vagina?
1. stimulates the maturation of the vagina 2. helps maintain lubricated and thick vaginal lining
39
What is estrogen's effect on the bones?
1. helps preserve bone density
40
What is estrogen's effect on the uterus?
1. stimulates maturation of the uterus 2. prepare uterus to nourish developing fetus
41
What is estrogen's effect on the breast?
1. stimulates the development of the breasts and possible future milk production
42
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase
43
What are the 5 phases of the uterine cycle?
Menstruation, Endometrium lining rebuild, Ovulation, Secretory phase
44
What is the follicular phase also called?
the proliferative phase
45
What are days 1-5 of the follicular phase called?
menstruation
46
Name the 5 key things that happen in the follicular phase?
1. Hypothalamus produces GnRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary 2. FSH and LH are released from the pituitary gland, stimulating the ovaries to cause follicle growth 3. Primary follicle produces estrogen and contains primary oocyte, secondary follicle holds secondary oocyte 4. other oocytes aka polar bodies disintregate 5. secondary follicle grows into grafian follicle, follicle maturing increases estrogen levels
47
How is ovulation triggered?
high estrogen levels and surge in LH triggers ovulation
48
What happens during ovulation?
high estrogen and LH causing grafian to burst releasing mature egg
49
What does the follicle that has lost its oocyte turn into?
corpus luteam
50
What happens during the luteal phase?
1. corpus luteum forms 2. secretion of hormones estrogen and progesterone
51
What happens if there is no pregnancy? if there is?
1. corpus luteum breaks down (after 10 days) 2. corpus luteum remains and keeps releasing hormones for 3-6 months
52
What days is menstruation? What are the 3 key features?
1. Low levels of sex hormones bc corpus luteum has disintergrated 2. Endometrium breaks down 3. Cells of endometrium part of mensus exits out of the vagina
53
What happens during days 6-10 of the uterine cycle?
Increased estrogen by the ovarian follicle causes the endometrium lining to rebuild
54
What happens on day 14 of the uterine cycle?
1. Surge of estrogen and LH trigger ovulation 2. Ovulation; mature egg bursting from the grafian follicle
55
What is day 15-28 in the uterine cycle? What are the 3 key things that happen during this phase?
Secretory phase. 1. increase in the level of progesterone 2. Endometrium double in thickness and becomes highly vascularized 3. Glands produce mucus
56
What causes endometrium to breakdown?
progesterone production decreases
57
Explain the negative feedback of FSH and Estrogen
rise of FSH leads to maturation of the follicle, maturing follicles produces estrogen, high estrogen like after corpus luteum forms, inhibits anterior pituitary producing FSH
58
During Day 1-13 of the ovarian cycle, the follicular phase, What is the hormone composition like?
increase in FSH and decrease in estrogen. 6-13: low FSH and high estrogen
59
What hormone levels trigger ovulation?
Large spike in LH
60
What does the corpus luteum produce? What effect does it have?
progesterone. High progesterone from the corpus luteum inhibits anterior pituitary from producing LH
61
Day 15 aka the beginning of the secretory phase is high in what hormone and low in what? How does this change towards day 28?
Low in progesterone and high in LH. Progesterone from corpus luteum inhibits anterior pituitary, decreasing LH.
62
What effect does high levels of progesterone do?
doubles and vascularizes the endometrial lining
63
What is the actual site of spermatogenesis?
the seminiferous tubules
64
What chemical in seminal fluid causes the uterus to contract?
prostoglandins

Bio 12 (11 decks)

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