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UK economy Flashcards

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1
Q

How has the economy of the UK changed?

A
  • most people worked in farming or mining (primary)
  • During the Industrial Revolution, people made steel, ships or textiles (manufacturing or secondary sector)
  • Jobs in research, information technology and the media (quaternary) have developed since the 1980s
  • a big shift to the service (tertiary) sector
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2
Q

What are the causes of economic change in the UK?

A
  • De industrialisation
  • Globalisation
  • Government policies
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3
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

the decline traditional industries, such as manufacturing which has happened because

  • machines and technology have replaced many people
  • other countries can produce cheaper goods because labour is less expensive
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4
Q

What is globalisation?

A

the growth and spread of ideas around the world
- many people now work on global brands in the quaternary sector
- increased world trade and cheaper imported products have contributed to the decline in UK manufacturing

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5
Q

What are the government policies?

A

1945-79: the government created state run industries such as British Rail, government money ‘propped up’ unprofitable industries

1979-2010: state run industries sold to private shareholders which is called privatisation, many older industries closed down, new private companies brought innovation and change

2010: ‘rebalancing’ the economy by relying less on service industries. Policies have included
- improvements to transport
- more investment in manufacturing
- encouraging global firms to locate in UK

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6
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service and quaternary sectors which has happened in the UK from the 1970s

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7
Q

How is development of information technology a key factor in the UK’s move to a post industrial economy?

A
  • internet access enables people to work from home
  • over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector
  • the UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies
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8
Q

How has service industries and finance moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy?

A

The UK service sector has grown rapidly since the 1970s and contributes over 79% of the UK’s GDP
- UK is the world’s leading centre for financial services
- the financial services sector accounts for about 10% of the UK’s GDP

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9
Q

How has research moved the UK towards a post-industrial economy?

A
  • employs over 60,000 highly qualified people and is estimated to contribute over £3 billion to the UK economy
  • likely to be one of the UK economy’s main growth areas in the future
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10
Q

Explain 3 reasons why the UK is developing as a post-industrial economy

A
  • development of information technology
  • research
  • service industries and finance
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11
Q

What is a science park?

A

a group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site

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12
Q

What is an example of a science park?

A

University of Southampton Science park

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13
Q

Tell me about University of Southampton Science park

A

100 small science and innovation businesses including Fibrecore and Photon Star

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14
Q

What are the benefits of University of Southampton Science park?

A
  • excellent transport links - close to M3
  • excellent links with the Uni
  • attractive location with green areas
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15
Q

What is a business park?

A

an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

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16
Q

Where are business parks usually located?

A
  • where land is cheaper and more available
  • access is better with less congestion
  • businesses can benefit from working together
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17
Q

Give an example of a business park

A

Cobalt Business Park, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne

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18
Q

Tell me about Cobalt Business Park

A
  • UK’s largest business park with support facilities including retail outlets and a fitness centre
  • next to the A19
  • 20 minutes from the international airport
  • businesses locating here qualify for governmental assistance
  • companies in the park include Siemens, IBM and Santander
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19
Q

What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment?

A
  • can look dull
  • industrial processes and waste products can cause air, water and soil pollution
  • transport of raw materials and manufacturing products increases levels of air pollution
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20
Q

How can industrial development be more sustainable?

A
  • care in design can reduce the visual impact
  • technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions
  • desulphurisation can remove harmful gases
  • heavy fines can be imposed when pollution incidents occur
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21
Q

What are the impacts of quarrying in the UK?

A
  • destroy natural habitats
  • pollute water courses
  • scar landscapes
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22
Q

How do you make quarrying more sustainable?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • there are strict controls on blasting, removal of dust from roads and landscaping
  • recycling is encouraged
  • companies are expected to restore or improve a quarry after it has been used
23
Q

What is an example of a quarry?

Study These Flashcards
A

Torr quarry, Somerset

24
Q

What is Torr Quarry?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • a limestone quarry in the Mendip Hills
  • employs over 100 people and contributes more than £15 million towards the local economy each year
  • an example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable
25
Tell me about Torr Quarry
- the quarry is being restored to create wildlife lakes - 200 acres of the site have already been landscaped - regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust and water quality - rail transport of quarried rock minimises the impact on local roads and villages
26
What is an area of population growth?
South Cambridgeshire
27
What are the changes in South Cambridgeshire?
- population of 150,000 is increasing due to migration into the area - most migrants come from Cambridge and other parts of the UK; many arrive from Eastern Europe - the proportion of people aged 65 or over is growing
28
What are the social effects of South Cambridgeshire?
- 80% car ownership leads to increased traffic on narrow roads - housing developments on the edges of villages can lead to a reduction in community spirit - young people cannot afford the high cost of houses and move away
29
What are the economic effects of South Cambridgeshire?
- a reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell land for housing - lack of affordable housing - high demand leads to high petrol prices - increased population puts pressure on services
30
What is an area of population decline?
the Outer Hebrides
31
What are the changes in the Outer Hebrides?
- the population has declined by more than 50% since 1901 - with limited employment, young people have moved away
32
What are the social effects of the Outer Hebrides?
- the expected fall in the number of children may result in school closures - an increasingly ageing population has fewer young people to support them
33
What are the economic effects of the Outer Hebrides?
- services are closing - most small farms can provide work for 2 days a week - there has been an increase in tourism but... - the current infrastructure cannot support the scale of tourism needed to provide alternative source of income
34
What does the 2014 'Road Improvements Strategy' include?
- 100 new road schemes by 2020 - 1300 new lane miles added to motorways and trunk roads - extra lanes added to turn main motorways into 'smart' motorways New road schemes will create thousands of construction jobs and boost local and regional economies
35
What is the South West 'super highway'?
- a £2 billion road widening project will take place on the A303 - converting the route to dual carriageway will create a 'super highway' to Plymouth and beyond
36
What are the railway improvements?
- improving trans-Pennine rail links reducing journey times up to 15 minutes - HS2 - a planned high speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. It is controversial as the route passes through countryside and close to many homes
37
What is London's crossrail?
a new railway across London that links Reading and Heathrow to Shenfield and Abbey wood -reduce journey times across London -it will bring an additional £1.5 million people within 45 minutes commuting distance of London's key business districts
38
Tell me about Liverpool2
- a new container terminal - double the port's capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year - it will create thousands of jobs in the NW - boost the regional economy - reduce the amount of freight traffic on the roads
39
How do airport developments help the UK?
- airports create vital global links - they provide thousands of jobs - they also boost economic growth both regionally and nationally
40
Name an example of expanding London's airports
- 2015, a government report recommended a new third runway at Heathrow - £18.6 billion + predicted to create more jobs and make more money for the UK - people living nearby are concerned about the noise and air pollution from planes
41
What is the North-South divide?
- refers to real or imagined cultural and economic difference between the South of England and the rest of the UK - in general, the South enjoys higher incomes and longer life expectancy but the south also has higher house prices and more traffic congestion
42
Why is there a North-South divide in the UK?
- during the Industrial Revolution, the UK's growth was centred on coalfields, heavy industries in Northern England, Wales and Scotland - since the 1970s, many industries have declined, reducing prosperity in those areas - London and the South East developed rapidly due to a fast growing service sector
43
How can regional strategies address the issue?
- Local enterprise partnerships - Lancashire LEP - Enterprise zones
44
What are local enterprise partnerships?
- voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses - aim is to identify business needs and encourage companies to invest in order to boost the local economy and create jobs - Lancashire LEP is an example
45
Tell me about Lancashire LEP
- promote new businesses and create 50,000 new jobs by 2023 - improve transport with £20 million investment - extend superfast broadband across 97% of the region - create 6000 high skilled jobs in Enterprise Zones at Samlesbury and Warton
46
Tell me about Enterprise Zones
- to encourage new businesses and jobs - government supports by: - providing a business rate discount - ensuring the provision of superfast broadband - creating simpler planning regulations
47
What are the UK's links with the wider world?
- Trade - Transport - Electronic communication - Culture
48
Tell me about UK's trade
- most important trading links are with the EU - USA is an important historic trading partner - has been a recent increase in trade with China
49
Tell me about UK's transport
- Heathrow one of the busiest airports - important transport links between the UK and mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel and sea ferries
50
Tell me about electronic communication
- connections are concentrated between the UK and the USA - further concentration in the Far East - project Arctic Fibre is due to connect London and Tokyo
51
Tell me about UK culture
- global importance of the English language has given the UK strong cultural inks with many parts of the world - music, books and films from the UK are accessed all over the world - migrants have brought their own culture to the UK, such as food and festivals
52
How has the EU affected the UK?
- financial support for farmers and disadvantaged regions in the UK - there are EU laws and controls on crime, pollution and consumer's rights - goods, services, capital and labour can move freely between member states and encourage trade - 2013, about 40% of total UK immigrants were from the EU
53
What are the UK's links with the Commonwealth?
- member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary group of countries most of which were once British colonies - important trading and cultural links between the UK and Commonwealth countries - also sporting connections, such as the Commonwealth Games

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