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Year 11 - Geography > UK Evolving Human Landscape > Flashcards

UK Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

Urban core vs rural areas

Population density

A

Urban = high and staying high, over 200 ppl per kmsq
Rural = low 1-100 ppl per kmsq

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2
Q

Urban core vs rural areas

Age structure

A

Urban = young, single
rural = old, some single

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3
Q

Urban core vs rural areas

economic activites

A

Urban = retailing, shops, headquaters, offices, jobs, factories, libraries, museums, theatre
rural = farming fishing, forestry, mining, work from home, tourism, renewable energies

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4
Q

Urban core vs rural areas

Settlement

A

Urban = metropolis, conurbation, large town, mix of low and high buildings, expensive
rural = market towns, isolated farms, villages, low rise, cheaper

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5
Q

4 ways the UK and EU gov have tried to reduce the diff beween rural and urban areas

A
  • Enterprise zones
  • Investment in transport
  • regional development
  • EU grants - helps regions with gdp below 75%
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6
Q

How do enterprise zones reduce diff between urban and rural?

A
  • places where gov offers companies help with start up costs
  • reduced taxes
  • superfast broadband
  • to creat jobs in areas that dont have them
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7
Q

How does investment in transport reduce diff between urban and rural?

A
  • vital for rural to connect with urban
  • creates jobs
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8
Q

How does regional development reduce diff between urban and rural?

A
  • Grants and advice to help business start up
  • Cornall gets European regional development fund cuz its GDP is 75% of the European average. ERDF allows ppl to live in Cornwall and work
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9
Q

What has coal mining and iron/steel producted declined in North East England?

A
  • foreign competition
  • high land and labour costs
  • exhaustion of coal seams
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10
Q

What is the new economy?

A
  • Tertiary and quaternary economy
  • increase in pop needs more tertiary jobs
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11
Q

One reason for growth in tertiary employment UK

A
  • Pop growing, so more services needed like teachers
  • low skills to find teritary jobs
  • deindustrialisation/ decline in primary employment so increase in tertiary sectors
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12
Q

Whats globalisation?

A

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically.​

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13
Q

What are free trade policies?

A
  • Allow countries to trade without incurring costs like import/export taxes
  • When UK was in EU, it had a free trade policy
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14
Q

What is privitisation?
How has it increased FDI?

A
  • change in ownership of services like buses from the public sector (from gov) to the private sector (shareholders)
  • Increase FDI, as companies overseas wanna invest
  • increased competition
  • profits go to shareholders
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15
Q

What is FDI?

A
  • businesses to another country
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16
Q

What are conurbations?

A

Have high pop densities, over 600 ppl per kmsq

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17
Q

Pop density

A

number of ppl living in an area measured in per km2

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18
Q

rural periphery

A

rural area outside of the main city

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19
Q

periphery

A

edge of smth

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20
Q

Challenges in rural areas

A
  • isolation
  • transport
  • few jobs
  • older pop
  • lower incomes
  • high transport costs
  • out migration of younger ppl
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21
Q

push factors

A
  • pollution
  • crime rate
  • low salary
  • poor education
  • war
  • poverty
  • drought
  • no safety
  • no jobs
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22
Q

pull factors

A
  • jobs
  • better place to start business
  • peaceful/developed
  • better weather
  • lower crime
  • scenic views
  • healthcare
  • more wealth
  • fertile land
  • lower risk of natrual hazards
  • political stability
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23
Q

`

brain drain

A

source country lose skilled worders leading to a shrinking economy

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24
Q

positives of migration

A
  • immigrants make jobs
  • take less desirable jobs
  • diverse
  • boost economy
  • 20% of docs are immigrants
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25
negatives of migration
* take jobs from british workers * drain on nhs * concered about migrants claiming benefits * have to pay income taxes * impact on schools * lack of houses * congestion * brain drain * pollution * shortage of supplies
26
primary sector
production of food and crops, natrual resources eg farming
27
secondary sector
manufacturing eg factories
28
tertiary sector
services eg doctor
29
quaternary sector
jobs tech or research based eg computing
30
deindustrialisation
decline of a countrys traditional secondary manufacturing industry due to running out of raw materials
31
What has changed in Dinnington?
* Based on primary secotr * coal mines shut down * now tertiary jobs
32
What does the new economy refer to in urban areas?
refers to growth of highly skilled tertiary and quat. industries "knowledge economy"
33
What does the new economy refer to in rural areas?
growth of tertiary employmend like working from home, low skilled
34
examples of knowledge economy
* banking * law * it managements * creative industries * high skills and education needed
35
Globalisation
process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through trade and cultural exchange
36
site
physical location on earth characterisitcs eg flat, trees, river thames
37
siutation
settlement relative to its surroundings and other places
38
What shows the changing employment sectors over time?
clarke fisher model
39
Burgess model layers
* starts with central business district * factories and industry * working class housing * middle class housing * rural urban fringe
40
What is IMD
Index of Multiply Deprivation (most vital - least) * income * employment * education, skills * health deprivation + disability * crime * living environment * barriers to housing and services
41
Why is there inequality?
* Old and poor housing quality - ppl living in cold damp * decline of 2ndary industry - hgiher unemploymeny + olders struggling to get a job * lack of qualifications * pressure on services
42
# newham vs richmond Describe Newham
* 76.5 life expect. * youngest structure in any borough in england * hghest unemployment 8.6% in London * highest ratio of pay inequality * 44% receive tax credit
43
Describe richmond
* 81.2 yrs life exp * 5th lowest pop density * 71.44% white british * high rents and property prices * parks like kew gardens
44
Decline
economic decline refers to income and growth in area stopping/reversing
45
depopulation
decline of total pop
46
dereliction
areas of cities are abandones and unsafe
47
decentralisation
shift of shopping activity and amployment away fom cbd
48
Dereliction in Londons Past
* docks closed in 1981 due to containers needing deeper ports * deindustrialisation * high unemployment * depopulation
49
counter urbanisation
move out of london to the bordering counties
50
suburbanisation
inner to outer london for bigger houses
51
Why has london grown?
* surbubanisaiton * counter-urbanisation * increasing divorce - more homes * fam size has fallen
52
gentrification
exisiting ppl cant afford the area so wealthier ppl move in and change area
53
studentification
run down areas turned to areas where students can live
54
regeneration
long term upgrading of existing places
55
Studentification negatives + positives
positive * average age decreases * old housing improved negative * more antisocial behaviour * local shops have to change to suit younger * housing princes inflate due to younger renting more
56
Gentrification negatives + positives
Positives * crime rate down * transport networks improve * more jobs for construction * aesthetivally pleasing * stratford shopping centre jobs negatives * unemployment for locals * local businesses relocated * contrusction scheme for olympics - disrupt ppl
57
stratford regeneration scheme
* reducing deprivation * 8000 new homes * cleaned canals * westfield
58
rebranding
changing appearance of a place
59
probs with rebranding
* pop rising more than houses being built * environmental quality - less green spaces for buildings * economi challenge - expensive to live and rent, pushing old residents out
60
Cornwall challenges
* decline in primary sector - farm, fishing, mining * overcrowding - internal migration of old * primary industry declining due to outsourcing * low wages * employment is seasonal * only 38% have a doctros surgery * young ppl travel for education
61
Why is calc the median better than mean?
mean can be distorted by extreme values, doesnt fairly represen tpop
62
rural diversification
when farms and other rural businesses create other sources of income eg bed and breakfast or tourist attractions

Year 11 - Geography (6 decks)

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