UK evolving natural landscapes

Question 1

Give 2 examples of soft engineering. And describe them

Answer 1

1. Floodplain retention
   levels of floodplain lowered and surfaces restored to shrub and grass lands
2. River channel restoration
   can include the following strategy:
   - rebuilding meanders
   - lowering banks
   - removing hard engineering

Question 2

Name 4 economic impacts of the Sheffield floods

Answer 2

• over 1000 businesses affected
• Hillsbourgh football stadium was flooded
• one companies lost 15 million in flood damages
• roads were damages or blocked were flooded for some days

Question 3

Name 4 social impacts of the Sheffield floods

Answer 3

• 2 people drowned into flood waters
• over 1200 homes were damaged
• 1300 people were without power for 2 days
• Medohall shopping centre was flooded and had to be closed for a week

Question 4

what are the 4 types of river erosion and 4 types of river transport

Answer 4

Erosion prosses
- hydronic action
- alliteration
- solution
- abrasion
transportation processes
- saltation
- solution
- traction
- suspension

Question 5

what is a hydrograph

Answer 5

A hydrograph shows how a river is affected by a storm. This helps to understand discharge patterns of a particular drainage basin and helps to predict flooding and plan flood prevention measures.

Question 6

What are the characteristics of the upper course

Answer 6

high vegetation
steep river gradients
steep slops
large sediment
narrow channel
shallow water
permeable surfaces

Question 7

what caused the Sheffield floods

Answer 7

heavy rainfall
an abundance of rivers and valleys
urban isolation
impermeable surfaces

Question 8

how did humans factors increase Sheffield’s flood risk

Answer 8

there were more impermeable surfaces so the rain do the lag time was shorter and the peak discharge was higher
the drains were blocked more water caused flood in the streets

Question 9

how do V shaped Valleys from?

Answer 9

1. vertical erosion this is because there’s little
   energy because of a low discharge
2. the valleys sides left behind are slowly broken
   down though apposes of weathering
3. this erosion levels behind a narrow steep
   sided valley

Question 10

Define a long profile

Answer 10

Long profiles depict how a river’s slope changes across the 3 courses of the river

Question 11

what is the difference between hard engineering and soft engineering

Answer 11

hard engineering solutions
- where solutions are built to defend against floods
soft engineering solutions
- adapting to flood risks and allowing natural processes to deal with rain water

Question 12

List the 3 types of rock found in Brittan and give 3 examples

Answer 12

Igneous - cooled lava/magma e.g. granite, basalt

Sedimentary- compressed sediment e.g. chalk, limestone, clay, sandstone

Metamorphic- when stones are simi-melted and cooled e.g. slate, schist, marble

Question 13

how do waterfalls form?

where in a river can you find them

Answer 13

• water falls over soft and hard rock
• soft rock erodes forming plunge pools
• hard rock is undercut and falls into the plunge pool
• the waterfall retreats creating a gorge
  waterfalls can be found only in the upper course

Question 14

what are the characteristics of the lower course

Answer 14

• deep water
• flood plain
• fine substrate
• wide
• brackish water
• suspension

Question 15

what are the characteristics of the middle course

Answer 15

• inner bend = slowest flow
• outer bend = fastest flow
• slip off slop
• meander
• river cliff
• deep water

Question 16

what dose the Bradshore model show

Answer 16

River discharge - upper<lower
Channel with - upper<lower
Channel width - upper<lower
Velocity - upper<lower
sediment load volume - upper<lower
sediment piratical size - upper>lower
channel bead roughness - upper>lower
slop angel - upper>lower

Question 17

Give one example of:
weathering, slope process, A post-glacial river processes (valleys)
for the lake district and the weld

Answer 17

Lake District- freeze thaw weathering- landslides- U-shaped valleys
the weld- weathering chemical- soil creep- river bed valleys

Question 18

How did people use there landscapes in east Anglia

Answer 18

• communal villages
• till produces fertile land soil for arable farming
• hedges are used instead of dry stone walls for
  field bounders

Question 19

How did people use there landscapes in the Yorkshire dales

Answer 19

• limestone on the valley was used to build
  drystone walls as field boundaries
• sheep were kept in field at the valley bottom
  and in the summer they grazes on the upland
  fields
• long house consist of a home and barn
• isolated form instead of villages

Question 20

what is longshore drift
and what formation can it create

Answer 20

longshore drift is when sand/silt move along the beach in the direction of the prevailing winds

this can created lagoons and saltmarshes

Question 21

what are the disadvantages and advantages of hard engineering

Answer 21

problems benefits
- expensive __more effective
- unattractive_ easy to ________________replace-
restricted access

Question 22

what is the differences between concordant coastline and discordant coastline

Answer 22

concordant coastline is where the layers lay parallel to the coast line

discordant coastline is where the layers lay perpendicular to the coastline

Question 23

how can human activities effect the coast

Answer 23

the excess weight on the cliffs create landslides when the cliff slumps down

Question 24

how can climate change affect coastal erosion and flooding

Answer 24

As the seas warm the water can expand and then global warming causes ice to melt rising sea levels
this increases erosion

Question 25

how dose a wave cut platform form

Answer 25

a wave notch forms an overhanging cliff collapsing. A platform of smooth rock is left where the cliff line was.

Question 26

describe how a headland forms into a stump

Answer 26

First a crack appears in the headland, this widens into a cave. When the cave is eroded though it created an arch which widens until it can't support its self falling, making a stack this erodes down into a stump

Question 27

what is the difference between cliff foot processes and subaerial processes

Answer 27

subaerial processes - freeze thaw, chemical and biological weathering erode the cliff face cliff foot processes - hydraulic action erodes way the base of the cliff

Question 28

Give 3 examples of hard and soft engineering

Answer 28

hard engineering - sea walls - groins - rip rap soft engineering - beach restoration - planting - making sand dunes and salt marshes

Question 29

what are the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves

Answer 29

constructive - strong swash - weak backwash - occurs during summer destructive - weak swash - strong backwash - occurs during winter

Question 30

Explain the processes likely to have contributed to a rock fall on a cliff

Answer 30

Rock usually occurs where a cliff face has lots of joints and cracks. Repeated freeze thaw weathering gradually loosens blooks of rock, which fall to the cliff base. If the sea erodes the base of the cliff this can also make rock falls more likely.

Question 31

What is the main way in which deposition occurs?

Answer 31

Waves with lower energy, causing material to be dropped

Question 32

Identify two ways in which a river valley changes from source to mouth

Answer 32

In the upper course the river valley is steep-sided: a V-shaped valley. In the lower course the valley has a lower gradient: a wide flood plain

Question 33

explain one way why flood plains are often used for faming

Answer 33

Alluvium deposited on flood plains makes for very fertile soil as it contains many minerals

Question 34

suggest one economic impact that frequent river flooding would have in a area

Answer 34

To protect their property from damage, residents in this area might buy their own sand bags and plastic barrier to used as a community when the river was about to flood. Buying theses products would have and economic impact, but less of a impact compered to the impact of the flooding