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Geography GCSE johni > UK Evolving physical landscape - 4A - Coastal change > Flashcards

UK Evolving physical landscape - 4A - Coastal change Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a hard rock

A

Granite

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2
Q

Give an example of a soft rock

A

clay

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3
Q

Why do harder rocks erode slower?

A

More resistant = erode slower

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4
Q

What is a joint?

A

small cracks found in a rock

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5
Q

What is A fault?

A

Larger cracks found in a rock

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6
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

Rock parallel to coast

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7
Q

What are discordant coastlines?

A

Perpendicular to coast
Headlands and bays formed

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8
Q

What are the 2 different types of wave

A

Constructive
Destructive

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9
Q

Features of a constructive wave?

A

Strong swash
weak backwash
deposits sediment

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10
Q

Features of a destructive wave?

A

Strong backwash
weak wash
Erodes sediment

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11
Q

Describe Longshore drift

A

Longshore drift transports sediment along coastlines
Waves break at an angle to the coast
Sediment pushed up the beach by swash
Dragged back down at right angles by backwash

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12
Q

How are bays formed?

A

Soft, less resistant rock is eroded faster

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13
Q

How are heads formed?

A

Harder, resistant rock is eroded slower

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14
Q

what are the 4 steps needed to create wave-cut platforms?

A
  1. Sea attacks base of cliff (abrasion and hydraulic action) creates a wave-cut notch
  2. Wave-cut notch becomes larger = cliff collapses
  3. Cliff retreat
  4. Wave-cut platform formed
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15
Q

How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?

A
  1. caves enlarged by hydraulic action
  2. Arch formed by destructive waves
  3. Stack = arch eroded and collapses -> stack results
  4. Stump = Stack eroded by abraision -> stack collapses
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16
Q

How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?

A
  1. caves enlarged by hydraulic action
  2. Arch formed by destructive waves
  3. Stack = arch eroded and collapses -> stack results
  4. Stump = Stack eroded by abrasion -> stack collapses
17
Q

How does a wave form?

A

Waves are created by winds as they blow over the sea

Shallow water near the coast causes friction with the seabed

The top of the water is travelling faster so it starts to tip forward

The wave then topples forward or breaks

18
Q

How do spits form

A

Spits are formed due to deposition

Longshore drift occurs along the coastline but as the wave lose energy the deposit the sediment

Normally due to going into a sheltered area such as behind the headland or a mouth/estuary

The deposit of sediment overtime this creates a spit

19
Q

How do bar and lagoons form?

A
  • continuation of a spit formation
    -Spit grows and joins 2 headlands
  • lagoon forms
  • area becomes infilled by deposition
20
Q

What are sea walls

A

Concrete walls placed at the foot of the cliff to prevent erosion. They are curved so they reflect the energy back into the sea

21
Q

What is rock armour

A

Large boulders placed at the foor of the cliff. They break the waves and absorb their energy

22
Q

What are gabions

A

Rocks which are held in mesh cages and placed in area affected by erosion

23
Q

What are groynes

A

Wooden or rock structures built at right angles into the sea

24
Q

What is beach replenishment

A

Sand and shingle from the sea bed is moved towards the beach

25
Q

What is beach reprofiling

A

Reshaping the beach using existing beach material

26
Q

What is dune regeneration

A

Grass planted in sand dunes to stabilise the dunes and helps to trap sand to build them up

27
Q

What is dune fencing

A

Fences are built on the sandy beaches, which encourage new dunes to form

28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sea walls

A

Very effective
Very long lasting

Very expensive £2000 per metre
Very ugly

29
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of groynes

A

Not to expensive
Builds up beaches

Starves the beack further down the coast line of sediment

30
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of gabions

A

Cheap and easy to mantain £100 per metre
Absorbs wave energy

Not very strong
Looks unatural

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of rock armour

A

Relatively easy to maintain
Effective at reducing wave energy

Can beshifted if the rock is too small
Expensive to transport

32
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

Blends in with the existing beach
Creates wider beaches

Can kill or destroy animal habitats
Expensive and has to be repeated

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach reprofiling

A

Provides an effective buffer for the coastline
Looks reasonably natural

Can be expensive
Has to be done regularly

34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

Wave energy is absorbed
It is cheap

The protection is limited to a small area
Can be damaged by storms or waves

35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dune fencing

A

Constructed out of natural material
Have minimal minimal impact on natural systems

Can be damaged by storms
Needs maintenance

Geography GCSE johni (8 decks)

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