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Geography Paper 2 > Uk Physical Landscape > Flashcards

Uk Physical Landscape Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Igneous rock

A

Earths oldest rock. Formed from lava and magma
Most igneous are resistant to erosion
Granite, basalt

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2
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Formed from sediments eroded and deposited by rivers, the sea or on the sea bed
Limestone, shale

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3
Q

Metamorphic

A

Sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during igneous activity
Slate, marble

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4
Q

What is scree

A

Rock fragments on the ground due to freeze thaw weathering

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5
Q

One way human activity has influenced UK’s landscape

A

In the Yorkshire dales a lot of farming took place therefore farming may harm the environment.
Trees and other vegetation need to be cleared for space

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6
Q

What are hard rock coats made of

A

Consists resistant rocks such as igneous granite and resistant sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone or chalk

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7
Q

What do soft rock coats consist of

A

Less resistance rocks such as clays and shales as they erode more easily

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8
Q

What is a discordant coastline

A

Where the strata are at right angles to the coast. These have different rock types

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9
Q

What is a concordant coastline

A

Where the strata is parallel to the coastline. Concordant coasts have the same type of rock parallel to the coastline

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10
Q

Explain the formation of a cave, arch, stack and stump

A
  1. Large crack opened up by hydraulic action
  2. The crack grows into a cave by hydraulic action and abrasion
  3. Cave becomes larger
  4. cave breaks through headland forming natural arch
  5. Arch is eroded and collapses
  6. Leaves a tall rock stack
  7. Stack erodes forming a stump
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11
Q

What causes waves

A

Wind. When wind blows across the sea, friction between the wind and water surface cause waves

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12
Q

What does the wave size depend on

A

Wind strength and how Lomb the wind blows for

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13
Q

What is a fetch

A

The length of water the wind blows over

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14
Q

What is constructive wave

A

Wave that has strong swash and slow backwash. These waves build up a beach
Sand is deposited

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15
Q

What are destructive waves

A

Strong backwash and weak swash
They erode beaches
Create a steep beach profile

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16
Q

Explain the process of a wave cut notch

A
  1. Abrasion forms a wave cut notch
  2. Notch grows and a cliff overhang develops
  3. Overhang becomes unstable and collapses forming rock debris amd the debris protects tye cliff base for, further erosion
  4. Rock debris is then eroded over time by attrition opposing the cliff to erosion again
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17
Q

What is the main way sediments are transported along the coastal

A

Longshore drift

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18
Q

How are spits formed

A

When prevailing winds blow at an angle to the coastline resulting in long shire drift. The long shire drift carries materials across a bay and to the end of a headland

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19
Q

What four impacts of human activity affect the coast

A

Development
Agriculture
Industry
Coastal management

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20
Q

How does development put pressure on coats

A

Housing - many people who work in London can no longer afford housing there so move to the coast as its cheaper
Office development- people can’t afford property in London anymore

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21
Q

How does agriculture affect the coastline

Study These Flashcards
A

Climate change and rising sea levels are likely to lead to flooding by salt water during winter high tides which could threaten the pastures
Increase soil erosion and sedimentation

22
Q

Why is London at risk of rising sea levels

Study These Flashcards
A

Because London is a low lying area

23
Q

What 2 ways are there of managing the coast with sea defences

Study These Flashcards
A

Hard and soft engineering

24
Q

What is hard engineering

Study These Flashcards
A

Using concrete and steel structures such as sea walls to stop waves

25
What is soft engineering
Using smaller structures often built from natural materials to reduce wave energy
26
Negatives of hard engineering
Very costly | Often makes a coast look unnatural or ugly
27
What are 4 choices government can make about managing the coast
Hold the line Advance the line Strategic retreat Do nothing
28
What is hold the line
Use sea defences to stop erosion so the coast stays where it is today - very expensive
29
What is advance the line
Use sea defences to move the coast further into the sea - very expensive
30
What is strategic retreat
Gradually let the coast erode and move people and business’s away from the area at risk
31
What is the do nothing management
Take no action at all, let nature take its course
32
Boscastle flood case study causes
2004 - caused by heavy rainfall causing two rivers to burst their banks close to the village. 2Bill litres of water rushed down the valley into boscastle Confluence of 3 rivers - paradise, valency , Jordan
33
Boscastle impacts
Cars, walls and bridges washed away Church filled with six feet of mud and water Loss of tourism
34
Responses of boscastle flood
Prince Charles - duke of Cornwall made a large donation to a fund to help rebuild
35
Somerset levels flood (2014) causes
Jet streams - lots of wind and cause rain Storms Less dredging causing flooding
36
Somerset impacts
Greater storminess with damaging winds Higher longer lasting floods Higher spring tides More storm surges
37
Somerset responses
Dredging the rivers to make them deeper so they can contain more water
38
How is a waterfall formed
Hard rock on top of soft Soft rock erodes undercutting the hard rock Hard rock is left overhanging and collapses as it isn’t supported Fallen rocks crash into plunge ball Erosion continues
39
How is a waterfall formed
Hard rock on top of soft Soft rock erodes undercutting the hard rock Hard rock is left overhanging and collapses as it isn’t supported Fallen rocks crash into plunge ball Erosion continues
40
Info of upper course of river
``` Long vertical V shaped Narrow Slowest Vertical erosion ```
41
Info of middle course
U shaped Deeper Lateral and vertical erosion
42
Info on lower course
``` Widest Short vertical Long horizontal Fastest Lateral erosion ```
43
How are meanders formed and what happens
When the river erodes laterally to the right and left and then forms large bends called meanders Water flows in a helicoidal flow and sends the rivers energy laterally The thalweg is forced to the outer bend where it undercuts the bank which forms a river cliff when eventually collapses Overtime the meander creates an ox bow lake
44
What does the Bradshaw model show
River discharge, channel width and depth, velocity and sediment load volume increase downstream Sediment particle size, channel bed roughness and slope angle decrease downstream
45
How do you lay out a storm hydrograph
Rainfall (mm) on left , river discharge (cm/s) on right, time in hours on bottom
46
What affects the shape of hydrographs
Interception by trees reduces risk of flood Size of drainage basin - longer for water to travel Urbanisation - greater surface run off
47
Facts about happisburgh
Not enough houses to make it worth protecting One of the dates eroding places in the world Some houses only worth 1 pound
48
Why is happisburgh eroding
Sedimentary rocks such as clay and soil so very easy to erode especially with the destructive waves Narrow beaches which give little protection from storms Sea levels rise and climate changes
49
What were some attempts of saving happisburgh
In 1950s timber groynes were built but destroyed by waves | In 2006 the governments aid the area should be allowed to retreat
50
Impacts of happisburgh erosion
Neighbours have abandoned their houses 12th century church will be lost 18 listed buildings could be lost
51
Where is happisburgh located
Norfolk coats

Geography Paper 2 (3 decks)

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