UK physical landscape

Question 1

what is erosion?

Answer 1

the wearing away of the landscape

Question 2

what 3 factors have affected the landscape?

Answer 2

Geology
Past tectonic processes
Glaciation

Question 3

How has glaciation changed the landscape?

Answer 3

Altering river valleys making them deeper into U shaped valleys

Question 4

What are 3 rock types?

Answer 4

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Question 5

How are igneous rocks created?

Answer 5

They were once molten and them cooled and crystallized

Question 6

How are sedimentary rocks created?

Answer 6

Formed when sediment eroded and deposited by rivers or the sea. They are made up of layers

Question 7

How are metamorphic rocks created?

Answer 7

They are rocks that are heated and compressed

Question 8

Give an example of igneous rock?

Answer 8

Granite, Basalt

Question 9

Give an example of sedimentary rock?

Answer 9

Chalk, Clay and Sandstone

Question 10

Give an example of metamorphic rock?

Answer 10

Slate and Marble

Question 11

What is freeze thaw weathering?

Answer 11

Rainwater gets into the cracks in the rock, freezes and expands. The rock breaks into pieces

Question 12

What is biological weathering?

Answer 12

Tree and shrub roots breaks up solid rock

Question 13

How can people change the landscape?

Answer 13

Planting new trees/ forests
Creating new settlements (housing)
Farming

Question 14

What are the 2 different types of coastlines?

Answer 14

Concordant and Discordant

Question 15

What is a concordant coastline?

Answer 15

When the rocks run parallel to the coastline

Question 16

What is a discordant coastline?

Answer 16

When the rocks run at angles to the coastline

Question 17

What are weaknesses in rocks called?

Answer 17

Joints or Faults

Question 18

Name 4 types of erosion

Answer 18

Abrasion, Attrition, Hydraulic action, Solution

Question 19

Name how material is moved across the beach?

Answer 19

Long shore drift

Question 20

Name the land forms created by erosion at the coast

Answer 20

Cave, Arch, Stack, Stump

Question 21

Name the 2 different types of waves?

Answer 21

Constructive and Destructive

Question 22

What is swash?

Answer 22

When material is put on the beach

Question 23

What is backwash?

Answer 23

When material is taken off the beach

Question 24

Name the land forms created by deposition at the coast

Answer 24

Beaches, Sand dunes, Bar, Lagoon, Spit

Question 25

How do people affect the coast?

Answer 25

Building houses Office developments Agriculture Industry

Question 26

What are the 2 methods of engineering available to protect the coast?

Answer 26

Hard and Soft

Question 27

What is hard coastal engineering?

Answer 27

Manmade

Question 28

What is soft coastal engineering?

Answer 28

Natural

Question 29

Give examples of hard engineering at the coast

Answer 29

Sea wall, Revetments, Gabions, Rock Armour, Groynes

Question 30

What is terminal groyne syndrome?

Answer 30

When groynes trap sediment to protect one area but further down the coast is starved on sediment and vulnerable to erosion

Question 31

Give examples of soft engineering at the coast

Answer 31

Planting vegetation, Beach nourishment, Offshore breakwaters, Sand dunes

Question 32

What is meant by "hold the line"?

Answer 32

Use sea defence to stop erosion

Question 33

What is meant by strategic realignments?

Answer 33

Gradually let the coast erode and move people/ businesses

Question 34

What is meant by "Do nothing"?

Answer 34

Take no action at all and let nature takes it course

Question 35

Name the 4 types of transport in a river

Answer 35

Solution, Suspension, Saltation, Traction

Question 36

In the upper course of the river, erosion happens in which direction?

Answer 36

Vertically (downwards)

Question 37

What river land forms can be found in the upper course of the river?

Answer 37

Waterfalls

Question 38

Where are meanders and oxbow lakes found in the river?

Answer 38

Middle course

Question 39

What is velocity?

Answer 39

The speed of a river measured in m/s

Question 40

What is discharge?

Answer 40

The volume of water flowing in a river measured in cubic metres per second

Question 41

How is discharge measured?

Answer 41

Its measred by multiplying the area (width x average depth) by velocity

Question 42

What is the flood plain?

Answer 42

The area of land surrounding a river which is most likely to be flooded

Question 43

Where is the fastest flow in a meander?

Answer 43

Outside bend

Question 44

Where is the slowest flow in a meander?

Answer 44

Inside bend

Question 45

What is the long profile of a river?

Answer 45

Changes in the rivers gradient form the source to the mouth

Question 46

What is the cross profile of a river?

Answer 46

Changes in the valley shape from the source to the mouth

Question 47

How does the long profile of a river change from the south to the mouth?

Answer 47

Steep at the source and gentle/ flat at the mouth

Question 48

How does the cross profile of a river change from the source to the mouth?

Answer 48

The source is a V shaped valley and is it almost flat by the mouth

Question 49

What is a storm hydrograph?

Answer 49

A graph which shows how a river changes as a result of rainfall. It shows rainfall and discharge

Question 50

What is infiltration?

Answer 50

Water soaking into the soil

Question 51

What is surface runoff?

Answer 51

When water flows overground

Question 52

What is transpiration?

Answer 52

Evaporation from leaves/ plants

Question 53

What is throughflow?

Answer 53

Water seeping onto the river through soil air spaces

Question 54

What human activity can change the shape of a hydrograph?

Answer 54

Land use change, Urbanization, Deforestation

Question 55

What physical activity can change the shape of a hydrograph?

Answer 55

Relief, Geology, Vegetated areas

Question 56

What were the physical causes of the floods in Carlisle?

Answer 56

Prolonged rain | Surrounded by mountains so surface runoff occurs quickly

Question 57

What were the human causes of the floods in Carlisle?

Answer 57

Large areas of urbanization | Drains were overwhelmed and could not cope

Question 58

What were some of the impacts of the floods in Carlisle?

Answer 58

Two people drowned Over 1200 homes were flooded Roads were damaged

Question 59

Give examples of hard engineering methods in rivers?

Answer 59

Flood walls, Construct levees, Dreging, Flood relief channel

Question 60

What is a flood wall in river management?

Answer 60

Building a high wall alongside a river to increase its capacity

Question 61

What are river levees?

Answer 61

Similar to flood walls but a normally built at a distance from the river which increases the capacity even more

Question 62

What is dredging?

Answer 62

Taking away material from the bottom and sides of the river to increase the capacity. It could also be lined with concrete to speed up the river flow and get flooded water away quickly

Question 63

What is a flood relief channel?

Answer 63

Creating extra channels to divert excess water from city centres

Question 64

Give examples of soft engineering methods in rivers?

Answer 64

The level of flood plains is lowered and restored to grassland so they hold water overtime and release it slowly into the river

Question 65

What is the river channel restoration?

Answer 65

Rebuilding meanders to lengthen the river and slow water down. Removing hard engineering material and replacing with plans/ trees