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GEOG: paper 2 > UKs PHYSICAL evolving landscape > Flashcards

UKs PHYSICAL evolving landscape Flashcards

1
Q

Geology

A

Rock type

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2
Q

Carbon dating

A

Uses radioactive testing to find the age of rocks which contained living material

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3
Q

Erosion

A

Wearing away the landscape

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4
Q

Upland

A

Mountainous/hilly landscape mostly consisting of igneous and metamorphic rocks what are older and more resistant

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5
Q

Lowland

A

Flatter landscapes mostly consisting of younger and less resistant sedimentary rocks

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6
Q

Abrasion

A

The scratching and scraping of a river bed and banks by the stones and sand in a liver

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7
Q

Antecedent rainfall

A

The amount of moisture already in the ground before rainfall

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8
Q

Arch

A

a curved passage through a headland created when a cave which was
eventually broken througn by erosion

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9
Q

Attrition

A

the wearing
away of particles of debris by the action of other
particles, such as river or beach pebbles

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10
Q

Backwash

A

the flow of water back to the sea after waves break on a beach

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11
Q

Bar

A

an accumulation of sediment that grows across the mouth of a bay,
caused by longshore dritt

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12
Q

Beach profile

A

the shape of a beach resulting from how waves break

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13
Q

Berm

A

Deposited sand formation

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14
Q

Channel

A

The bed and banks of a river

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15
Q

Concordant

A

coasts) follow the ridges and valleys of the land, so the rock strata
is parallel to the coastline

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16
Q

Constructive waves

A

build beaches by pushing sand and pebbles further up the beach

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17
Q

Cost benefit area

A

looking at all the costs of a project, social and environmental as
well as economic, and deciding whether it is worth going ahead

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18
Q

Class profile

A

shows a cross section of a river’s channel and valley at certain points in the river’s course

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19
Q

Delta

A

a low-lying area at the mouth of a river where a river deposits so
much sediment it extends beyond the coastline

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20
Q

Destructive waves

A

waves which erode beaches

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21
Q

Discharge

A

the volume of water flowing in a river, measured in cupic metres
per second

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22
Q

Discordant

A

(coasts) alternate between bands of hard rocks and soft rocks, so

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23
Q

Dissipate

A

means to reduce wave eneroy, which is absorbed as waves pass
througn, or over, sea delences

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24
Q

Dredging

A

througn, or over, sea delences
digging out drainage ditches and rivers to make them artificially
deeper

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25
Q

Dry valley

A

Valleys where rivers once’s flowed

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26
Q

Estuary

A

Where the river meets the sea

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27
Q

Fetch

A

the length of water over which the wind has blown, affecting the
size and strength of waves

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28
Q

Flood plain

A

flat land around a river that gets flooded when the river overflows

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29
Q

Glaciated

A

Formed or once covered by glaciers or ice sheets

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30
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Movement of water through rocks in the ground

31
Q

Groynes

A

wooden or stone structures built at right angles to the coast to trap
sediment from longshore drift, allowing a beach to build up

32
Q

Hydraulic action

A

the force of water along the coast, or within a stream or river

33
Q

Igneous rock

A

Rock type formed from lavas and deep magmas. They were once
molten, then cooled and crystallised

34
Q

Hard engineering

A

building physical structures to deal with natural hazards, such as
sea walls to stop waves

35
Q

Infiltration

A

the soaking of rainwater into the ground

36
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

hills that stick out on alternate sides of a V-shaped valley, like the
teeth of a zip

37
Q

Levees

A

naturally formed or artificially built embankments beside rivers

38
Q

Load

A

material carried by a river such as boulders or stones

39
Q

Long profile

A

shows how a river’s gradient changes as it flows from its source to
its mouth

40
Q

Longshore drift

A

when waves break at an angle to the coast, rather than parallel to
it. It usually occurs in one direction and transports sediment along
the coastline creating new landforms

41
Q

Mass movement

A

the movement of material downslope, such as rock falls, landslides
or cliff collapso

42
Q

Meander

A

naturally occurring sharp bend in a river

43
Q

Metamorphic

A

sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during
igneous activity

44
Q

Name features of a Middle course

A

Meander or oxbow lakes

45
Q

Oxbow lake

A

a lake formed when a loop in a river is cut off by floods

46
Q

Plunge pool

A

a hollow at the foot of a waterfall

47
Q

Prevailing winds

A

the most frequent direction the wind blows in a certain area

48
Q

River cliff

A

the steep edge of a river formed when a river erodes and
undercuts its outer bank

49
Q

Salt march

A

salt-tolerant vegetation growing on mud flats in bays or estuaries.
These plants trap sediments

50
Q

Saltation

A

the bouncing of material from and along a river bed or a land
surace

51
Q

Scree

A

angular rock pieces created by freeze-thaw weathering

52
Q

Solution

A

chemicals dissolved in water, invisible to the eye

53
Q

Soft engineering

A

involves adapting to natural hazards and working with nature to
limit damage

54
Q

Storm surge

A

a rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and
strong winds

55
Q

Spit

A

a nope of sand running away from the coast, uswally with a curvey
seaward end

56
Q

Surface run off

A

rainwater that runs across the surface of the ground and drains
into the river

57
Q
A

tiny particles of sediment dispersed in water

58
Q

Upper course

A

the mountain stage of a river’s course with steep gradients, narrow
river channels and much erosion (waterfalls)

59
Q

Traction

A

force that rolls or drags large stones along a river bed

60
Q

Thalweg

A

the line of the fastest flow along the course of a river

61
Q

Discharge

A

the volume of water flowing in a river, measured in cubic metres
per second

62
Q

Rivulet

A

A small stream of water

63
Q

Nave 4 ways of river transportation

A

SALTATION: Smaller stones or pebbles are picked upand then dropped again. ‘Skipping’
TRACTION: Large stones are dragged along
SOLUTION chemicals are carried along,invisible to
SUSPENSION: Tiny particles of sediment are carried in the river’s current.

64
Q

Name 4 erosional processes

A

ABRASION - where sand and pebbles are dragged along the river bed, Or knock into it, wearing away the bed.
HYDRAULIC ACTION - where fast-flowing water is forced into cracks, breaking up the bank over time.
ATTRITION- where rocks and stones wear each other away as they knock together.
SOLUTION - where alkaline rocks, such as limestone, are dissolved by acidic rainwater.

65
Q

Identify the physical processes
that have altered the landscape
of UK.

A

1) Weathering
2)erosion
3) glacial erosion
4) slope processes

66
Q

Define weathering

A

.
Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces. Can be mechanical, chemical or biological

67
Q

Human causes of floods

A

Deforestation, urbanisation, burning of fossil fuels melt ice sheets

68
Q

3 types of coastal erosion

A

Hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition

69
Q

How is a spit formed

A

Through the process of longshore drift when the sediment moves along the coast, the sediment is deposited when it reaches a river estuary leaving a long sandy neck called a spit

70
Q

Different types of hard engineering related to coasts

A

Rock armour, seawall, groins, gabions

71
Q

What weathering processes have affected the UK landscape

A

Free-thraw where is weathering or chemical/biological weathering

72
Q

What are the four choices that councils can make about how to manage the coast

A
  1. Hold the line, you see defences to stop erosion
  2. advance the line, use defences to move the coast further into the sea
  3. Strategic realignment , gradually let the coast erode and move people and businesses away from areas at risk
  4. Do nothing let, nature take its course
73
Q

Explain why coastal management decisions can lead to conflict

A

Some people may lose land, businesses or homes.

It depends on costs and benefits

GEOG: paper 2 (5 decks)

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