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GEOG: paper 2 > UKs PHYSICAL evolving landscape > Flashcards

UKs PHYSICAL evolving landscape Flashcards

1
Q

Geology

A

Rock type

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2
Q

Carbon dating

A

Uses radioactive testing to find the age of rocks which contained living material

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3
Q

Erosion

A

Wearing away the landscape

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4
Q

Upland

A

Mountainous/hilly landscape mostly consisting of igneous and metamorphic rocks what are older and more resistant

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5
Q

Lowland

A

Flatter landscapes mostly consisting of younger and less resistant sedimentary rocks

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6
Q

Abrasion

A

The scratching and scraping of a river bed and banks by the stones and sand in a liver

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7
Q

Antecedent rainfall

A

The amount of moisture already in the ground before rainfall

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8
Q

Arch

A

a curved passage through a headland created when a cave which was
eventually broken througn by erosion

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9
Q

Attrition

A

the wearing
away of particles of debris by the action of other
particles, such as river or beach pebbles

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10
Q

Backwash

A

the flow of water back to the sea after waves break on a beach

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11
Q

Bar

A

an accumulation of sediment that grows across the mouth of a bay,
caused by longshore dritt

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12
Q

Beach profile

A

the shape of a beach resulting from how waves break

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13
Q

Berm

A

Deposited sand formation

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14
Q

Channel

A

The bed and banks of a river

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15
Q

Concordant

A

coasts) follow the ridges and valleys of the land, so the rock strata
is parallel to the coastline

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16
Q

Constructive waves

A

build beaches by pushing sand and pebbles further up the beach

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17
Q

Cost benefit area

A

looking at all the costs of a project, social and environmental as
well as economic, and deciding whether it is worth going ahead

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18
Q

Class profile

A

shows a cross section of a river’s channel and valley at certain points in the river’s course

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19
Q

Delta

A

a low-lying area at the mouth of a river where a river deposits so
much sediment it extends beyond the coastline

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20
Q

Destructive waves

A

waves which erode beaches

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21
Q

Discharge

A

the volume of water flowing in a river, measured in cupic metres
per second

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22
Q

Discordant

A

(coasts) alternate between bands of hard rocks and soft rocks, so

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23
Q

Dissipate

A

means to reduce wave eneroy, which is absorbed as waves pass
througn, or over, sea delences

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24
Q

Dredging

A

througn, or over, sea delences
digging out drainage ditches and rivers to make them artificially
deeper

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25
Dry valley
Valleys where rivers once’s flowed
26
Estuary
Where the river meets the sea
27
Fetch
the length of water over which the wind has blown, affecting the size and strength of waves
28
Flood plain
flat land around a river that gets flooded when the river overflows
29
Glaciated
Formed or once covered by glaciers or ice sheets
30
Groundwater flow
Movement of water through rocks in the ground
31
Groynes
wooden or stone structures built at right angles to the coast to trap sediment from longshore drift, allowing a beach to build up
32
Hydraulic action
the force of water along the coast, or within a stream or river
33
Igneous rock
Rock type formed from lavas and deep magmas. They were once molten, then cooled and crystallised
34
Hard engineering
building physical structures to deal with natural hazards, such as sea walls to stop waves
35
Infiltration
the soaking of rainwater into the ground
36
Interlocking spurs
hills that stick out on alternate sides of a V-shaped valley, like the teeth of a zip
37
Levees
naturally formed or artificially built embankments beside rivers
38
Load
material carried by a river such as boulders or stones
39
Long profile
shows how a river's gradient changes as it flows from its source to its mouth
40
Longshore drift
when waves break at an angle to the coast, rather than parallel to it. It usually occurs in one direction and transports sediment along the coastline creating new landforms
41
Mass movement
the movement of material downslope, such as rock falls, landslides or cliff collapso
42
Meander
naturally occurring sharp bend in a river
43
Metamorphic
sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during igneous activity
44
Name features of a Middle course
Meander or oxbow lakes
45
Oxbow lake
a lake formed when a loop in a river is cut off by floods
46
Plunge pool
a hollow at the foot of a waterfall
47
Prevailing winds
the most frequent direction the wind blows in a certain area
48
River cliff
the steep edge of a river formed when a river erodes and undercuts its outer bank
49
Salt march
salt-tolerant vegetation growing on mud flats in bays or estuaries. These plants trap sediments
50
Saltation
the bouncing of material from and along a river bed or a land surace
51
Scree
angular rock pieces created by freeze-thaw weathering
52
Solution
chemicals dissolved in water, invisible to the eye
53
Soft engineering
involves adapting to natural hazards and working with nature to limit damage
54
Storm surge
a rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and strong winds
55
Spit
a nope of sand running away from the coast, uswally with a curvey seaward end
56
Surface run off
rainwater that runs across the surface of the ground and drains into the river
57
tiny particles of sediment dispersed in water
58
Upper course
the mountain stage of a river's course with steep gradients, narrow river channels and much erosion (waterfalls)
59
Traction
force that rolls or drags large stones along a river bed
60
Thalweg
the line of the fastest flow along the course of a river
61
Discharge
the volume of water flowing in a river, measured in cubic metres per second
62
Rivulet
A small stream of water
63
Nave 4 ways of river transportation
SALTATION: Smaller stones or pebbles are picked upand then dropped again. ‘Skipping’ TRACTION: Large stones are dragged along SOLUTION chemicals are carried along,invisible to SUSPENSION: Tiny particles of sediment are carried in the river's current.
64
Name 4 erosional processes
ABRASION - where sand and pebbles are dragged along the river bed, Or knock into it, wearing away the bed. HYDRAULIC ACTION - where fast-flowing water is forced into cracks, breaking up the bank over time. ATTRITION- where rocks and stones wear each other away as they knock together. SOLUTION - where alkaline rocks, such as limestone, are dissolved by acidic rainwater.
65
Identify the physical processes that have altered the landscape of UK.
1) Weathering 2)erosion 3) glacial erosion 4) slope processes
66
Define weathering
. Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces. Can be mechanical, chemical or biological
67
Human causes of floods
Deforestation, urbanisation, burning of fossil fuels melt ice sheets
68
3 types of coastal erosion
Hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition
69
How is a spit formed
Through the process of longshore drift when the sediment moves along the coast, the sediment is deposited when it reaches a river estuary leaving a long sandy neck called a spit
70
Different types of hard engineering related to coasts
Rock armour, seawall, groins, gabions
71
What weathering processes have affected the UK landscape
Free-thraw where is weathering or chemical/biological weathering
72
What are the four choices that councils can make about how to manage the coast
1. Hold the line, you see defences to stop erosion 2. advance the line, use defences to move the coast further into the sea 3. Strategic realignment , gradually let the coast erode and move people and businesses away from areas at risk 4. Do nothing let, nature take its course
73
Explain why coastal management decisions can lead to conflict
Some people may lose land, businesses or homes. It depends on costs and benefits

GEOG: paper 2 (5 decks)

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