Ultrasound

Question 0

Therapeutic ultrasound ranges from (MHz)

Answer 0

.75 - 3 MHz (1 - 3MHz is most common)

Question 1

Effects of Ultrasound can include: (7)

Answer 1

Increased rate of tissue repair
Wound healing 
Increased blood flow
Increased tissue extensibility
Breakdown of calcium deposits
Reduction of pain and muscle spasms
Changes in cell permeability

Question 2

Properties of Sinusoidal waveform (4)

Answer 2

Wavelength
Frequency
Amplitude
Velocity

Question 3

Define MHz

Answer 3

Cycles per second

Question 4

1MHz output targets tissues up to how many cm deep?

Answer 4

5cm

Question 5

3MHz output targets tissues up to how many cm deep?

Answer 5

2cm

Question 6

Define Effective Radiating Area

Answer 6

The area of the sound head that produces ultrasonic waves measured in square centimeters

Question 7

Define Intensity

Answer 7

Describes the amount of power generated by a unit-strength of the sound waves

Question 8

Define Spatial Average Intensity

Answer 8

Measured in watts per square cm. SAI describes the amount of energy (power) per unit area of the sound heads ERA.

Standard tx range from 0.5 to 3 w/cm2

Question 9

Formula for Duty Cycle

Answer 9

DC = pulse length/(pulse length + pulse interval) x 100

Question 10

Ultrasound output depends on what 4 factors?

Answer 10

Mode of application (pulsed or continuous)
Intensity and frequency of output
Vascularity of tissues
Speed of movement of the sound head

Question 11

Thermal effects of Ultrasound (7)

Answer 11

Increased sensory nerve conduction velocity
“” motor nerve conduction velocity
“” extensibility of collagen-rich structures
“” blood flow
“” macrophage activity
Reduction of muscle spasms
Enhanced adhesion of leukocytes to damaged endothelial cells

Question 12

Mild thermal effects include (3)

Answer 12

an increase of tissue by 1 degree C
Used for mild inflammation
Acceleration of metabolicrate

Question 13

Moderate thermal effects include (4)

Answer 13

Increase of tissue temp by 2-3 degrees C
Used for:
decreasing muscle spasm and pain
increasing blood flow
reducing chronic inflammation

Question 14

Vigorous thermal effects include (4)

Answer 14

Increase of tissue temp by 3-5 degrees C
Used for:
tissue elongation
scar tissue reduction
inhibition of sympathetic activity

Question 15

Ultrasound Non thermal effects

Answer 15

Increased cell permeability
"" vascular permeablity
"" blood flow
"" fibroblastic activity
Stimulation of phagocytosis
Production of healthy granulation
Synthesis of protein
Reduction of edema
Synthesis of collagen
Diffusion of ions
Tissue regeneration

Question 16

Ultrasound Injury Response Process (3)

Answer 16

Increased histamine release
“” intracellular calcium
“” protein synthesis

Question 17

Phonophoresis delivers meds via…

Answer 17

Open pathways (follicles, pores, sweat glands)
Delivers up to 6cm in depth

Question 18

Skin factors for Phonophoresis (5)

Answer 18

Hydration
Age
Composition
Vascularity
Thickness

Question 19

Duration and Frequency of Treatment

Answer 19

3 - 12 minutes

10 - 14 treatments once/day then evaluate for efficacy of protocol

Question 20

Ultrasound Indications (6)

Answer 20

Joint contractures
Muscle spasm
Scar tissue
Trigger areas
Acute inflammatory conditions (pulsed)
Chronic inflammatory conditions (cont. and pulsed)

Question 21

Contraindications are (12)

Answer 21

Acute conditions (cont.)
Ischemic areas
Tendency to hemorrhage
Areas around eyes, heart, skull, genitals
Pregnancy (lumbar/pelvic region)
Over spinal cord
Anesthetic areas
Fracture site before complete healing
Stress fracture sites
Sites of active infection
Areas of impaired circulation
Over the pelvic or lumbar area in menstruating female patients