Ultrasound

Question 1

what type of healing modality is ultrasound

Answer 1

deep heating

Question 2

what is the most common deep heating modality

Answer 2

ultrasound

Question 3

what is the most common heating modality

Answer 3

moist hot packs

Question 4

2nd most common heating modality

Answer 4

ultrasound

Question 5

what does the electrical current pass through

Answer 5

crystal 2-3 mm thick

Question 6

Duty cycle of 100% means what

Answer 6

continuous

results in tissue heating

Question 7

What is the reverse piezoelectric effect

Answer 7

mechanical deformation of crystal causes an electrical current to form

Question 8

What is near field

Answer 8

treatment area-fresnel zone

Question 9

what is far field

Answer 9

fraunhofer zone

Question 10

what is spatial peak intensity

Answer 10

Isp
peak intensity
watts per cm2

Question 11

what is spatial average intensity

Answer 11

Isp * duty cycle

Question 12

ERA (effective radiating area)

Answer 12

area of the sound head that produces sound energy

Question 13

BNR (beam nonuniformity ratio)

Answer 13

ultrasound beams not uniform across US head

amount of variability of the beam

Question 14

What is the ideal BNR

Answer 14

1:1

Question 15

What is an accepted BNR

Answer 15

2:1-8:1

Question 16

Peak area of the maximum beam nonuniformity ratio (PAMBNR)

Answer 16

the area of the sound head covered by the peak intensity

Question 17

Larger PAMBNR means what

Answer 17

less uniform heating

Question 18

What is an ideal conducting media for US

Answer 18

US gel and gel pads

Question 19

Indirect ultrasound is

Answer 19

ultrasound done underwater in a plastic bucket

keep sound head parallel 0.5-3.0 cm

Question 20

Amplitude of soundwave

Answer 20

more watts=more heating NOT GREATER PENETRATION

Question 21

frequency of US

Answer 21

1-3 MHz

Question 22

Does high or low frequency absorb more rapidly

Answer 22

high (3MHz)

superficial tissue

Question 23

does high or low frequency absorb slower

Answer 23

low (1MHz)

deep tissue

Question 24

higher density leads to _______ absorption rate

Answer 24

higher

Question 25

Effects of US

Answer 25

Inc extensibility Inc blood flow Inc healing Dec stiffness/spasm

Question 26

Non thermal effects

Answer 26

pulse US- alters cellular activity for injury repair

Question 27

What is stable cavitation

Answer 27

rhythmic expansion and contraction of bubbles during repeated pressure changes over many acoustic cycles

Question 28

What is unstable cavitation

Answer 28

collapse of gas bubbles which may cause tissue damange (low frequency high intensity US)

Question 29

Contraindications of US (12)

Answer 29

``` malignancy hemmorrhage ischemia thrombus infection gonads eye pelvic/lumbar/abs of preggo spinal cord post laminectomy plastic and cemented implants electronic implants unknown etiology ```

Question 30

What type of implants are okay for US

Answer 30

metal

Question 31

Where should you avoid with US (2)

Answer 31

bony prominences | epiphyseal plate

Question 32

What size is the treatment area for US

Answer 32

2-3x the size of ERA

Question 33

How long is treatment with US

Answer 33

5-8 min | NEVER LONGER THAN 15 MIN

Question 34

What is phonophoresis

Answer 34

sonophoresis | uses sound energy to drive medication into tissue

Question 35

What is LIP US

Answer 35

low intensity pulsed US | stimulation of fracture healing

Question 36

what is NCLF US

Answer 36

noncontact low frequency US | wound cleaning and debridment