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Ultrasound Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Ultrasound definition

A

Very high frequency sound above the audible range , is a longitudinal wave that produces compressions and rare fractions of ‘particles’

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2
Q

What happens when strikes boundary

A 
The beam is split int 4:
Transmitted beam
Refracted beam
Scattered beam
Reflected beam
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3
Q

What generates the image

A

The ultrasound machine generates an image based on amplitude and time taken for echo to return
Amplitude= brightness
Time taken= depth/location
The larger the difference in acoustic impedance, the greater the amount (amplitude) of reflections

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4
Q

The important settings are:

A

Frequency
Gain
Focus

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5
Q

Low Frequency =

A

E.g. 3.5MHz. Good depth of penetration but poor resolution

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6
Q

High Frequency =

A

E.g 10MHz Poor depth of penetration but good resolution

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7
Q

How to decide what frequency to use

A

Use the highest frequency that allows adequate penetration of structures.

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8
Q

What is gain

A

Is the amplitude applied to the returning echo. Is turned up for deeper tissues= time-gain compensation

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9
Q

Ultrasound and focus

A

Adjust focal zone to the region of interest

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10
Q

Transducer types

A

Sector transducer
Phased array transducer
Liner array transducer
Curved array transducer

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11
Q

Sector transducer ad and dis

A 
\+ small contact area
\+diverging beam
-reduced near field resolution
-diverging far field (reduced lateral resolution)
- moving parts (warm up before use)
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12
Q

Sector transducer common uses

A

Echo cardiology , intrathoracic and intra-abdominal organs, regions with small contact areas e.g. brain, eye, joints

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13
Q

Sector transducer

A

Mechanical crystal movement

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14
Q

Phased array transducers

A

Sector scanner with electronic steering of crystal emission

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15
Q

Phased array transducer ad and dis

A

+ small contact area
+diverging beam
+good resolution
- reduced near field resolution

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16
Q

Phased array transducer common uses

A

Echocardiology, thoracic structures,Abdominal organs, regions with small contact area ( brain, eye and joints)

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17
Q

Linear array transducers

A

Multiple crystals arranged in a line and sequentially triggered

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18
Q

Liner array transducers ad and dis

A 
\+ good near field resolution
\+parallel beams
\+no moving parts
- large contact area
-limited field of view
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19
Q

Linear array transducer common uses

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A

Abdominal organs, muscles, joints and tendons

20
Q

Curved array transducers

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A

Multiple crystals arranged in an arc and sequentially triggered
Also know as curvilinear transducer

21
Q

Curved array transducer ad and dis

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A 
\+good near field resolution
\+no moving parts
\+diverging beam
-large contact area (but less than linear)
- diverging far field
22
Q

Curved array transducer common uses

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A

Abdominal organs, pregnancy diagnosis

23
Q

Which is the best all purpose probe

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A

Microconvex - type of curved array transducer- has smaller footprint

24
Q

When use ultrasound

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A

Work-ups of the abdomen and heart
Excellent soft tissue detail
Real tim motion helps to assess organ function
Measurements can assess structure or function

25
Limitations of ultrasound
Quality and usefulness depends on operator | Obtaining accurate and good quality images requires considerate practise and skill
26
Which terms are used to describe ultrasound images
Anechoic Hypoechoic Medium echogenicity Hyperechoic
27
Anechoic
Produce no echo Black on image Fluid (blood,, bile, urine)
28
Hypoechoic
Little echo produced DARK GREY E.g. tissues with high water content- cartilage, muscle, real medulla
29
Medium echogenicity
Produce medium echo Most soft tissues- liver spleen prostate, testes Medium to light grey
30
Hyperechoic
Much echo E.g gas and bone and mineralised tissue and dense connective tissue White appearance
31
What are the characteristic of a desired environment for ultrasound
- Plenty of time - Handler with bridle - Seadtion - Quiet - Dark - Enclosed space with room for manoeuvre - No other horses around
32
How to prepare limb for ultrasound
Clip hair Clean limb Apply ultrasound coupling gel
33
Why do you need to clip thehair on the limb you are going to ultrasound
Ultrasound waves can’t pass through the dry hair/air interface
34
What do you clean the limb with
Clean with dilute chlorhexidine to remove grease
35
Why do you need to clean the limb that you are going to ultrasound
Grease and dirt will affect the passage of the ultrasound waves into the tissues and may result in artefact production
36
Why do yo need to apply ultrasound coupling gel when you are ultrasounding
Allows ultrasound waves to pass from the transducer (probe) into the tissues and back again. You will not gain an image if there is an air gap
37
Which type of transducer is used when ultrasounding distal limb of horse
Linear array transducer
38
What frequency is used wen ultrasounding the distal limb of the horse
7.5 and 10 MHz is used
39
When ultrasounding the distal limb of the horse what plane is used
Need to image in a longitudinal and a transverse plane
40
What is the normal appearance of the SDFT on an ultrasound
Is homogenous and echogenic | Palmar is to thee top of the image
41
What is the normal appearance of the DDFT on an ultrasound
Is homogenous and echogenic but has increased echogenicity compared to SDFT
42
What is the normal appearance of the Acessory ligament of the ddft on an ultrasound
Is homogenous and echogenic
43
What is the normal appearance of the suspensory ligament on an ultrasound image
Contains muscle, connective tissue, fat and ligament fibres and so appears heterogenous and can contain hypoechoic areas
44
What should a lesion be described in terms of on an ultrasound
``` Location Size Shape Changes in echogenicity Changes in normal architecture Anomalies ```
45
How can a tendon lesion be graded for changes in echogenicity
Type 1- slightly less echogenic than normal Type 2 - half echogenic and half and hoof Type 3 - mostly anechoic Type 4 - completely anechoic
46
How can a tendon be scored for changes in fibre alignment on an ultrasound
Fibre pattern/alignment scoring (FAS) undertaken on a longitudinal view 0: >75% fibres aligned parallel to target path 1: 50-75% fibres aligned parallel to target path 2: 25-50% fibres aligned parallel to target path 3: <25% fibres aligned parallel to target path
47
What tissues is ultrasound useful to look at
Soft tissue | Joints (dynamic)

Practical (5 decks)

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