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MICROPARA > ULTRASTRUCTURE > Flashcards

ULTRASTRUCTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes characteristics (8)

A

Ave 1-2 um in dia.
* No nucleus
* No membrane-bound organelles
* Circular, Naked DNA (nucleiod)
* Divides by fission
* Cytoskeletons absent
* Not capable of endocytosis & exocytosis
* 70S ribosomes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes examples

A

bacteria,archaea, cyanobacteria
(BGA), mycoplasmas

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3
Q

Eukaryotic characteristics (8)

A
  • > 10-100 um
  • With nucleus
  • With membrane-bound organelles
  • Packed in chromosomes
  • Divides by mitosis & meiosis
  • w/ cytoskeleton
  • Capable of endocytosis &
    exocytosis
  • 80S ribosomes
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4
Q

Eukaryotic examples (4)

A

yeasts, molds, algae, protozoa

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5
Q

Thin hairlike filament with helical shape extending from the
cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall

A

Flagella

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6
Q

Filament protein of flagella is called

A

Flagellin, hook, basal body

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7
Q

Flagella propel through liquid as fast as

A

100um/sec = 3000 body lengths
per minute

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8
Q

Flagella rotates in what fashion

A

corkscrewlike-fashion

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9
Q

Function of flagella

A

Motility
 Chemotaxis

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10
Q

responses to other environmental stimuli

A

Chemotaxis

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11
Q

Arrangements of flagella and explain

A

Mono,Lipo,Amphi,Perittrichous

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12
Q

-also called fimbriae
- filamentous, hollow-like but not helical

A

Pilus/Pili

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13
Q

Pili/fimbriae found in

A

Gram negative bacteria

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14
Q

Function of Pili

A

for sexual reproduction, attachment or adhesion

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15
Q

layer of viscous material composed of polymers
- Require special stains for microscopic observations = appear as halo

A

Glycocalyx

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16
Q

2 types of glycocalyx and function

A

Capsule- firmly attached
Slime- loosely attached

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17
Q

Function of glycocalyx (4)

A
  • adherence
  • reservoir of stored food
  • prevent attachment and lysis of cells by bacteriophages
  • protect bacteria from phagocytosis.
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18
Q

-Thick rigid layer surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

Cell wall is composed of

A

peptidoglycan (a.k.a. murein) 10-40%

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20
Q

Function of cell wall (4)

A
  • gives shape to bacterial cells (spherical, rod like, or
    spiral)
  • reaction to gram stain (positive or negative).
  • protection from differences in osmotic pressure
  • involved in normal growth & cell division
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21
Q

3 kinds of building
blocks cell wall

A

1) N-acetylglucosamine
(NAG)
2) N-acetylmuramic acid
(NAM)
3) Tetrapeptide- amino acids may differ from
one bacterium to another

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22
Q

formed by
cross-linkage of one
polypeptide chain with
another through the
tetrapeptides

Study These Flashcards
A

Rigid framework

23
Q

Lipid A can be toxic in humans, and if so, is referred to as

24
Q

O polysaccharides functions as

25
Also called cytoplasmic membrane
Plasma Membrane
26
the only eubacteria without cell wall; contain sterols in the cytoplasmic membrane
Mycoplasma
27
Function of plasma membrane (4)
Functions: 1) Transport of molecules in & out of the cell 2) Site of enzyme specific activity 3) Site for energy production & synthesis of cell wall 4) Involved in DNA replication & cell division
28
appearance of mycoplasma colonies on agar. The colonies are about 0.5 mm in diameter.
Fried egg
29
Prevents leakage and gateway for transport nutrients into and out of cell
Permeability Barrier
30
Site of proteins
Protein anchor
31
Site of generation and use of the proton motive force
Energy Conservation
32
Site of many chemical reactions Thick fluid
Cytoplasm
33
Cytoplasm is 80% water and contains (5)
containing amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, ions, and enzymes
34
Suspends other substances in cytoplasm such as. (4)
ribosomes sulfur granules volutin granulespoly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)
35
for protein synthesis
ribosomes
36
in H2S-oxidizing bacteria (as energy source)
sulfur granules
37
used for identification including causative agent of diphtheria
volutin granules
38
as reserve C & energy source
poly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)
39
nuclear material positioned near the center of the cell * Naked DNA * Circular chromosome
Nucleoid
40
Functions Nucleoid
* it stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA * coordinates the cell's activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).
41
-are circular extrachromosomal DNA
Plasmids
42
Dormant forms of bacteria *Thick-walled highly refractile, highly resistant to environmental changes
Spores/Endospores
43
from spore during sporulation resulting in dehydration process
expulsion of water
44
not found in vegetative cells
large amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA)
45
Heat resistance could be due to:
1) expulsion of water from spore during sporulation resulting in dehydration process 2) large amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA) – not found in vegetative cells
46
Pose problem in the food industry
Clostridium botulinum – causes botulism (type of food poisoning)
47
Produced one per cell *Highly resistant to extreme heat (w/stand 80°C for 10 min), drying & exposure to chemicals
Spores/ Endospores
48
Examples of Genera that are endospore-forming:
Clostridium, Bacillus = bacilli- shaped (more common) Sporosarcina = cocci- shaped (exception)
49
bright refractile structures) inside the cells
presence of endospores
50
Formation of Endospores
Vegetative cell, Sporulating, Mature spore
51
widespread in dairy products and some are potent pathogens.
Streptococcus
52
bacilli * palisade arrangement
Arthrobacter
53
Stalked-bacterium * rossete formation
Caulobacter

MICROPARA (3 decks)

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