Ultrastructure of the cell

Question 1

Describe the Centriole,

Answer 1

Small, hollow cylinders made of microtubules, 2 bundles of microtubules at right angles to each over

Question 2

What are microtubules?

Answer 2

Small protein cylinders

Question 3

What is the function of the Centriole?

Answer 3

Assists with the separation of chromosomes.

Question 4

Describe the Cilia.

Answer 4

small, hair-like structures.

Question 5

What does the cross section of cilia look like?

Answer 5

outer ring membrane with a ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules inside, with 2 in the middle.

Question 6

What is the function of the cilia?

Answer 6

To move substances along the cell surface.

Question 7

Describe the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).

Answer 7

System of fluid filled cavities enclosed by membrane with the surface covered with ribosomes.

Question 8

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 8

Transports proteins made by the ribosomes.

Question 9

Describe the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 9

System of fluid filled cavaties enclosed by a membrane.

Question 10

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 10

To synthesize and process lipids

Question 11

Describe a vesicle.

Answer 11

Small fluid filled sac surrounded by a membraine.

Question 12

What is the function of a vesicle?

Answer 12

To transport substances in and out of the cell and between different organelles.

Question 13

Describe the Golgi Apparatus / body

Answer 13

A group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs.

Question 14

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus / body?

Answer 14

To process and package new lipids and proteins and make lysosomes.

Question 15

Describe a Mitochondrion.

Answer 15

Oval shaped, with a double membrane of which the inner is folded to form the cristae. In the center is the matrix with enzymes.

Question 16

What is the function of mitochondrion?

Answer 16

Site of aerobic respiration and where ATP is produced.

Question 17

Where would you find lots of mitochondria?

Answer 17

In very active cells that require a lot of energy.

Question 18

Name the 4 structures in a chloroplast.

Answer 18

Stroma, Granum, Double membrane and lamella

Question 19

Describe a chloroplast.

Answer 19

Flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane with an membrane inside called thylakoid membranes. These are stacked to form Grana which is linked by Lamella.

Question 20

What membrane is stacked to make a Granum?

Answer 20

Thylakoid membrane

Question 21

What mostly makes up the plasma membrane

Answer 21

Lipids and proteins

Question 22

What is on the outside of the nucleus

Answer 22

The nuclear envelope

Question 23

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 23

To regulate the movement of substances and respond to hormone with receptor molecules.

Question 24

Describe the nucleus

Answer 24

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing pores. The nucleus contains chromatin and a structure called the nucleolus.

Question 25

What is in the center of the nucleus?

Answer 25

Chromatin and the nucleolus

Question 26

What makes up chromatin?

Answer 26

DNA and proteins

Question 27

What is the function of the nucleolus

Answer 27

Making ribosomes

Question 28

Describe a lysosome.

Answer 28

Round organelle surrounded by membrane

Question 29

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 29

Powerful digestive enzymes

Question 30

What do the enzymes in lysosomes do?

Answer 30

Digest invading cells and break down worn out components of the cell.

Question 31

Where would you find ribosomes?

Answer 31

Floating free in the cytoplasm or connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 32

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 32

Synthisise proteins

Question 33

Where are new proteins transported to from the rough ER

Answer 33

The golgi apparatus

Question 34

How are proteins threads arranged in Eukaryotic cells?

Answer 34

As Microfilaments and Microtubules

Question 35

How would you describe the cytoskeleton?

Answer 35

As a network of protein threads.

Question 36

What is the cytoskeletons 4 main functions?

Answer 36

-Support organelles and keep them in position. -Strengthen the cell and maintain its shape. -Move materials in the cell such as chromosomes in division. -Cause the cell to move by moving flagella and cilia.

Question 37

What are microfilaments?

Answer 37

Small solid strands of protein.

Question 38

What shape is DNA in prokaryotes?

Answer 38

circular

Question 39

What shape is DNA in eukaryotes?

Answer 39

Linear

Question 40

What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes?

Answer 40

polysaccharide but not cellulose or chitin

Question 41

What makes up the cell wall in fungi?

Answer 41

Chitin

Question 42

What makes up the cell wall in plant cells?

Answer 42

Cellulose

Question 43

What makes a flagella in prokaryotes?

Answer 43

The protein flagellin arranged in a helix

Question 44

What makes up a flagella in eukaryotes

Answer 44

microtubule proteins arranged in a 9 + 2 formation

Question 45

What does the stain methylene blue stain and what colour is produced?

Answer 45

stains living cells a dark blue and substances such as chromatin

Question 46

What does iodine stain and what colour is produced?

Answer 46

stains living plant cells a very dark blue

Question 47

what does acidified phloroglucinol stain and what colour is produced?

Answer 47

stains lignin cells (wall of xylem) a bright red

Question 48

what does acetic orcein stain and what colour is produced?

Answer 48

Stains nuclei and chromosomes a red

Question 49

What does eosin stain and what colour is produced?

Answer 49

Stains some organelles and cytoplasm a pink colour | Structures or organelles

Question 50

What does light green stain and what colour is produced?

Answer 50

stains plant cell walls a green.