Unconfident Q's

Question 1

What region coordinates the expression of fear?

Answer 1

Amygdala CeA

Question 2

What limits dopamine from binding with a D1 receptor?

Answer 2

A pump that removes dopamine from the synapse, limiting the amount of dopamine in the reuptake pump.

Dopamine can bind with a D2 receptor on the terminal button and the monoamine oxidase -MAO, enzyme can also degrade it.

Question 3

Define the A Process, B Process and Experience component of Attachment?

Answer 3

A process contact
B process separation distress
Experience component is normality

Question 4

Fregley the pigeon is allocated 50 pecks a day. He can either peck left 5 times for food or right 2 times for brain stimulation. Which stimuli does Fregley prefer and why?

Answer 4

Fregley will prefer food because the cost is high

Question 5

State three different theories of addiction.

Answer 5

Pleasure, Reward
Opponent process
Electrical stimulation of medial forebrain bundle causes addiction

Question 6

The activation of which opiod receptors are necessary for Specific PIT?

Answer 6

Delta opioid receptors, (DOR) in the nucleus accumbens shell.

Question 7

What are the levels of dopamine in psychotic schizophrenia patients?

Answer 7

Excess levels of dopamine compared to healthy adult.

Question 8

Waelti, Dickinson and Schultz (2001) observed dopamine neuron activity in monkeys. What did they find?

Answer 8

Neuron activity spiked following unexpected delivery of juice despite original training during B resulting in no juice delivery.
Neuron activity decreased following no delivery of juice despite original training that A resulted in juice delivery.
Anticipating reward increases dopamine activity in the brain.

Question 9

What schedule of reinforcement is gambling?

Answer 9

Variable ratio

Question 10

What is the correlation between the strength of the delta opioid receptor (DOR) ring to the amount of conditioning recieved, and the Specific PIT effect?

Answer 10

Both positively correlated.

Question 11

Which areas of the brain mediate the inhibition of fear responses?

Answer 11

The Prelimbic Cortex (PL) and Infralimbic Cortex (IL) work with the Amygdala to inhibit fear responses.

Question 12

Which areas of the brain does the General PIT effect rely on?

Answer 12

CeA and the NAc core

Question 13

Which areas of the brain does the Specific PIT effect rely on?

Answer 13

BLA, pDMS and NAc shell

Question 14

What is the main idea behind the General PIT effect?

Answer 14

A stimulus that predicts food enhances performance on actions that procure food.

Question 15

What is the main idea behind the Specific PIT effect?

Answer 15

A stimulus that predicts a particular food outcome biases a participants choices towards the action that procures that food.

Question 16

What are the Stage of PIT?

Answer 16

Pavlovian Training
Instrumental Training
Transfer Test

Question 17

What is the General Transfer Effect?

Answer 17

There is more responding for Action 1 when Stimulus 1 is presented compared to the presence of Stimulus 2, or when nothing happens.

Question 18

What is the Specific Transfer Effect?

Answer 18

When Stimulus 1 is present, there is more responding for Action 1 than Action 2. When Stimulus 2 is present, there is more responding for Action 2 than Action 1.

Question 19

What are the two brain areas responsible for the acquisition and retrieval/expression of habits?

Answer 19

Prelimbic Cortex (PL) and the Dorsolateral Striatum (DLs)

Question 20

What are the two areas of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex?

Answer 20

Prelimbic Cortex (PL) and Infralimbic Cortex (IL)

Question 21

What are the implications of learned attentional biases to reward-related stimuli in addiction?

Answer 21

The type of reward doesn’t matter.
Attentional biases to reward-related stimuli can be automatic.
Voluntary effort is not enough to reduce maladaptive attentional biases.

Question 22

How is the delta opioid receptor (DOR) ring established?

Answer 22

Through Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 23

What is the difference between the Posterior DorsoMedial Striatum (pDMS) and Basolateral Amygdala, (BLA) in goal-directed behaviour?

Answer 23

Rats who were infused with BLA with the NMDAr antagonist ifenprodil had impaired expression of goal-directed behaviours while rats infused with vehicle showed outcome devaluation.

Question 24

What is a feature of Physiological Scientific Tradition?

Answer 24

The Stimulus-Response (S-R) theory and the Reflex theory.

Question 25

What did Darwin argue about sexual selection?

Answer 25

It can help explain certain mental faculties.

Question 26

What are the ideas of Mackintosh’s Predictiveness Principle (1975)?

Answer 26

We respond faster to events appearing in the same location as predictive cues. We learn about predictive cues faster and look at them longer.

Question 27

Apart from gaining hedonically pleasant effects, why do drug-users desire drugs?

Answer 27

Because they learn through incentive learning that it alleviates aversive effects.

Question 28

In flavour illness learning, what are the responses of rats when they learn that a sweet taste signals pain, compared to when it signals nausea?

Answer 28

When it signals pain they suppress ingestion specific to where the taste-pain experience occurred. They showed disgust responses when the sweet taste signalled nausea.

Question 29

What did single unit recordings about the infralimbic cortex show?

Answer 29

Infralimbic neurons fire more during test of the extinguished CS, showing that IL neurons are involved in retrieval and expression of conditioned fear.

Question 30

Which areas of the brain does the Acquisition of Extinction require?

Answer 30

Neuronal activity of BLA and NMDAr activation.

Question 31

Which areas of the brain does the Consolidation of Fear responses require?

Answer 31

Activity of BLA

Question 32

What factor should be considered when determining whether the Infralimbic Cortex (IL) is important for acquisition of extinction memory?

Answer 32

The modality of the CS (whether its discrete or context).

Question 33

How does the IL inhibit the conditioned fear responses of an extinguished CS during testing?

Answer 33

1) Through reciprocal projections of the IL to BL extinction neurons 2) From projections of the IL to a network of inhibitory neurons called Intercalated Cells (ITC)

Question 34

What is the Degraded Contingency Effect?

Answer 34

When an outcome is freely delivered without performance of the action. The probability of gaining the outcome is the same when the action is performed as when the action is not performed.

Question 35

Which area of the brain does heroine increase activity?

Answer 35

Ventral Tegmental Area

Question 36

Which area of the brain does cocaine increase the release of dopamine in?

Answer 36

Nucleus accumbens

Question 37

In Pecina and Berridge (2000)’s experiment, they allowed rats to drink sucrose, microinjected morphine into their nucleus accumbens and then again provided sucrose. What were the rats hedonic responses?

Answer 37

Their responses increased, because morphine binds to opioid receptors, decreasing pain and hence increasing pleasantness.

Question 38

What is the primary role of the hippocampus?

Answer 38

Important for formation of new memories and plays a critical role in learning and emotion.

Question 39

What are the advantages of Contextual information?

Answer 39

1) Retrieves configural information by only perceiving a few of its elements. 2) Reduces cognitive load by preventing processing of elements individually.

Question 40

Where are the individual features of the context processed in the Dual Process Theory?

Answer 40

Cortical areas