How a virus works 1. ) The virus enters the cell body releasing ___/___ 2. ) Virus ___/___ invades the cell nucleus and takes over. 3. ) Viral ___/___ uses the host cell to create new ___/___ and assemble more viral particles. 4. ) New viral particles are released, sometimes destroying the process.

1. ) DNA/RNA 2. ) DNA/RNA 3. ) DNA/RNA, DNA/RNA

Understanding Infection Flashcards by Skye Burnett

Understanding infection
________-microscopic life form
_______ can be beneficial, harmful or neither

microbes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Understanding infection

_________-the name given to disease-causing organisms.

Pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Understanding infection

Pathogens are _________ and need to live in or on a ____-the infected person

microscopic

host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________: disease-causing organism, sometimes known as the agents of infections.

Pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pathogens are sometimes known as the _____ of infections.

agents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pathogen needs a ______-a biological or physical vehicle that carries the pathogen to the host

vector

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pathogens-the name given to disease-causing organisms
Pathogens are microscopic and need to live in or on a host-the infected person
The pathogen needs a vector-a biological or physical vehicle that carries the pathogen to the host
This combination is called the infection ________.

triangle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______:These are the tiniest pathogens.

Viruses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Viruses

These are the tiniest pathogens whose form is extremely simple–____ or ____ enveloped in a coat of protein.

DNA,RNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Viruses
These are the tiniest pathogens whose form is extremely simple–DNA or RNA enveloped in a coat of protein
They depend on the ____ to replicate (make copies of) themselves inside the ____ cell from which the copies are released to infect other cells.

host,host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Note: some viruses release ____, others release ____into the host cells.

DNA, RNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How a virus works

) The virus enters the cell body releasing ___/___
) Virus ___/___ invades the cell nucleus and takes over.
) Viral ___/___ uses the host cell to create new ___/___ and assemble more viral particles.
) New viral particles are released, sometimes destroying the process.

) DNA/RNA
) DNA/RNA
) DNA/RNA, DNA/RNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ sometimes cause the infected cell to die

In other cases, the infected cell lives, but its functions are altered in some way

Viruses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Viruses have specific ____ they infect and can be transmitted in droplets from coughs, in food, water, insect bites

hosts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Since viruses live within the ____ cells, it is difficult to destroy the virus without harming the ____ cell.

host’s, host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ drugs disrupt the viral duplication process but may not completely eradicate the infection

Antiviral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ are simple one-celled organisms

Bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ have the capacity to replicate (make copies of themselves)

Bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most ________ are not pathogenic-some play useful roles in digestion or in food production, for example

bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bacteria that harm the body do so by releasing either _______ that digest body cells or _____ that produce the specific effects of such diseases as diphtheria.

enzyme, toxins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The body will produce ________ to bacterial infection since the bacteria are recognized as foreign cells

antibodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ can kill bacteria without harming the host cell, although there can be side-effects.

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Overuse or poor use of antibiotics can lead to ________ ________.

bacterial resistance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____:These can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms that reproduce by spores or by growing fibres that can spread

Fungi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ infections often, but not always, occur on hair-covered parts of the body.

Fungal

Fungi are useful since they make some ________, also work in making bread rise and in brewing beer

antibiotics

Protozoa | Protozoa are more common in the developing world due to ___________ ______.

contaminated water

________:They destroy cells or alter cell functions due to toxins they release

Protozoa

_______ is caused by protozoan but is spread by insects

Malaria

Helminths is also know as ________ _____.

Parasitic Worms

Helminths | Parasitic worms attack and compete with the host for ________.

nutrition

Helminths can be contracted from eating improperly cooked _____ or _____.

meats, fish

_____ Contact | Disease organism is spread by human contact or through sexual contact.

Direct

______ Contact | Disease organisms by touching an object with the organism

Indirect

______ Contact | Transmitted through the air in droplets from a sneeze, cough or from talking

Droplet

_______ _________ | Organism is suspended in the air and is breathed into the respiratory tract

Airborne Transmission

________ _____ _________ | Inadequately cleaned eating utensils or medical equipment

Common vehicle transmission

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS) _______/______ Some diseases depend on an animal or insect vector for transmission Other diseases may use both animal and insect vectors

Animals/Insects

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS) ______ Through the air, by touch, sexual contact Also, dishes, utensils improperly washed

People

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS) _____ Spread by ingestion of improperly prepared or stored _____

Food, food

How do you catch an infection? (VECTORS) _____ Usually as a result of poor _____ purification methods.

Water, water

______ is your body’s method for protecting itself from diseases in various ways

Immunity

Protection from infection | The ____ acts as a barrier to most infectious agents.

Skin

Protection from infection Immunity is your body’s method for protecting itself from diseases in various ways ____ and ______ membranes

Skin, mucous

Protection from infection | Mucous, tears, saliva, skin oils, contain chemicals that can kill ______.

bacteria

Protection from infection | ____ lining respiratory tract protects against air-borne pathogens

Cilia

Immune response to infection | _____ _____ store some of these protective cells and are the site of destruction of antigens

Lymph nodes

Protection from infection Immune system The immune system includes the _______ system, ______, ______ gland, _______ vessels, removes impurities

lymphatic, spleen, thymus, lymph,

Protection from infection | Various types of ____ blood cells patrol the lymphatic system and blood system to find and destroy invaders

white

Protection from infection | ______ immunity-protection refers to the protection provided by antibodies.

Humoral

Protection from infection | ________ are produced after exposure to an antigen.

Antibodies

Protection from infection ______: a substance that causes an antibody response in the body.

Antigen

Protection from infection Antibody production can be elicited through __________, injection of synthetic or weakened antigens or antibodies from other persons or from animals.

vaccination

Protection from infection Cell-mediated immunity _-____ mainly protect the body from parasites, fungi, destroy cancer cells and foreign tissue

T-cells

Immune response to infection | The immune system is called into play whenever the body feels there are foreign ____ present

cells

Immune response to infection | __ cells and _________ detect antigen, __ cells produce antibodies to the antigen.

T, macrophages,B

Protection From infection __________ ______ - Store protective cells and destroy pathogens

Lymph nodes

Immune response to infection | An _______ is a protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an _______.

antibody, antigen

Immune response to infection | ______ ______ to the infected area increases, causing swelling or inflammation.

Blood Supply

Immune response to infection - Blood supply to the infected area increases, causing swelling or inflammation - _________ and ________ proteins also accumulate in the area.

Antibacterial, antitoxic

Immune response to infection | An ________ can form around the infection from fluid, cells and dead white blood cells.

abscess

Immune response to infection | If the body is not able to completely fight of the infection, _________ infection occurs ( total ______ infection)

systemic, body

Immunity and stress | Stress causes the release of _________, the hormone that enables us to meet and respond to crisis.

cortisol

The ______ response affects immunity negatively.

stress

_____- washing is key to prevent the spread of many ( not all) communicable diseases.

Hand

Alcohol-based gels are useful if they contain at least __% alcohol.

Following _________ schedules for communicable diseases is strongly recommended, for children and for adults.

immunization

Who is at highest risk of infectious Diseases? - _______ and their families - The ______, - The _______ ___ - _______ and those with ________ problems. - _____-___ workers, nursing home residents, hospital patients, day-care workers. - Workers in poorly _________ buildings.

- Children - Elderly - Chronically ill - Smokers, respiratory - Health-care - ventilated

_________ cause the common cold, of which there are 200 distinct varieties.

Rhinoviruses

Cold viruses are spread by _____, _____ and by _____.

coughs, sneezes, touch

Symptoms of the common cold include ____ ____, _____ eyes, _______, _______.

stuffy nose, runny, headache, sneezing

Treading the common cold-medications | - _____, __________ and __________ are not recommended for treatment of a cold.

Aspirin, acetaminophen, antihistamines

_______ is recommeded for achiness due to the common cold.

Ibuprofen

Treating the common cold-other remedies | - ___ _____ will help ease congestion

- Hot fluids

Treating the common cold-other remedies | - ____ formula cough suppressant medication (dextromethrophan) is recommended over _____-symptom formulas.

single, multi

Treating the common cold-other remedies | __________ help liquefy secretions in the chest

Expectorants

Treating the common cold-other remedies | _________ are not effective against a cold as the cold is caused by a virus, not by bacteria.

Antibiotics

Treating the common cold-other remedies | - ________, ____ may be effective

Echinacea, zinc

Treating the common cold-other remedies General Recommendations ____, plenty of ____, esp. ____ or _____ drinks

Rest, Fluids, hot, warm

Although similar to a cold. _______-the __ cause more severe symptoms that last longer.

influenza, flu

______:Similar symptoms to the cold, but can also include fever, bronchitis, and the symptoms last longer

Influenza

_______ is also caused by a virus spread by coughs, sneezes, laughs, normal conversation.

Influenza

Influenza | _______ do not protect against all variants of the disease

Vaccines

___ ____ are recommended for those over the age of 6 months, as well as for the elderly and chronically ill.

Flu shots

______ drugs ( e.g Tamifu, Relenza) have been effective in shortening the duration of illness.

Antiviral

Influenza ______ can combine genes from different influenza types, and are constantly evolving.

viruses

A ________ is a global outbreak of an infectious disease.

pandemic

Influenza _________ tend to occur when disease-causing organisms that typically affect only animals adapt and infect humans, then further adapt so that they can pass easily from human to human.

pandemics

Increased global _____ has fueled the ease of spread of emerging diseases such as SARS and MERS

travel

________: Five viruses are known to cause the condition.

Hepatitis

At least five different viruses, referred to as hepatitis __,__,__,______ and __ target the liver, the body's largest internal organ.

A,B,C,Delta, E

Symptoms for Hepatitis include _______, ______, ______,_______, _______ of the whites of the eyes or the complexion, enlarged tender _____.

headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, yellowing, liver.

__% of Hepatitis B and up to __% of Hepatitis C patients become chronic carriers of the virus.

10,66

Hepatitis __ - Generally transmitted by fecal contamination of food or water - This is generally a less serious form - Those most at risk are children, staff at daycare centers, those living in institutions, sanitation workers

Hepatitis __ - Unprotected sex and having multiple partners is a primary mode of transmission - Can be transmitted through transfusion of contaminated blood, or needles shared in injected drug use, tattooing or body piercing - Vaccination is recommended, is given to all children in Grade 4 in Quebec

Hepatitis __ is a potentially fatal disease transmitted through the blood and other bodily fluids.

Hepatitis __ - Hepatitis __ can also lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer - Transmitted by sharing needles to inject drugs with an infected person, improperly cleaned tattoo and body piercing needles - (A treatment is now available that clears Hepatitis __ virus from the blood)

C,C,C

MRSA stands for ___________-_______ ___________ _______.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus, once treated with penicillin, which is now quite resistant to currently available _______.

antibiotics

MRSA | The bacterium must enter through a break in the ____ as a cut or scrape or during surgery.

skin

MRSA The bacterium can spread through _____, esp. in health care settings via improperly sterilized equipment, lack of due care due to wash hands properly.

touch

MRSA Those most at risk are those with weakened ________ ______, any persons with wounds or cuts or unhealed surgery, ______ persons, premature or ________ babies.

immune system elderly newborn

MRSA | Another risk group are _________ competing in contact ______.

athletes, sports

____ is a virus transmitted through the bit of a mosquito

Zika

Zika is a virus transmitted through the bite of a mosquito. | This type of mosquito, uncommonly, bits more often during the ____,but can also bite at _____.

day, night

``` Zika Virus Symptoms include - _____ - _____ pain - ____ eyes (conjunctivitis) - ____ -______ pain - ______ although some infected persons will have no symptoms ```

- Fever - Joint - Red - Rash - Muscle - Headache

Zika Virus | Fetuses infected mothers can have severe ____ malformations, missing ____ structures, excess fluid in the ____.

brain,brain,brain

Zika Virus The infection is transmitted by bites from an infected _______, transmission from mother to _____, _____ activity, possibly _____ transfusion from an infected person

mosquito, fetus, sexual,blood

Zika Virus Since there are no vaccine for Zika, at present, the best option is to decrease risk of _______ ____ - Wear long-sleeved clothing - Use insect repellent - Control _________ inside and outside the house (no standing water, use screening to prevent __________) entering the house.

mosquito bits, mosquitoes mosquitoes