Unicellular Eukaryotes Flashcards
How do we define eukaryotes
single celled - impact life by causing disease etc - highly adaptable and require moisture - represent all symbiotic relationships - form paraphyletic group - have specialized organelles -
How do eukaryotes impact human life
- cause disease such as malaria an dysentary
- infect livestock
- our ability to classify them determines our ability to treat the diseases they cause bc susceptibility to drugs is often lineage dependent
Give examples of symbiotic relationships between eukaryotes and other organisms
- commensalistic -
- parasitic -
- mutualistic -
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
- unicellular (colonial, some have multicellular life cycle stages)
- mostly microscopic
- all symmetries are represented
- no germ layer
- specialized organelles, multiple or single nucleus
- locomotion by cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia
- some sessile
- free-living, mututalistic, parasitic, and commensalistic
- some have endoskeleton, some exoskeleton, but most naked
- autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprozoic, and holozoic feeding
- aquatic or terrestrial
reproduce asexually by fission, budding or cysts or sexually by conjugation or syngmamy - some have developed multicellularity and have somatic and sex cells like the volvox carteri
describe the functional components of protozoa
nucleus: houses DNA and communicated through cytoplasm instructions for function of other organelles
Mitochondria: metabolize O2 into energy and sontain cristae which is a diagnostic features for many eukaryotes
Golgi : secretory system
Plastids: contain photosynthetic pigments
Extrusosomes: membrane-bound organelles used to extrude something from the system
name for locomotor organelles
undulipodia
compare cilia and flagella
cilia move the organism by propel water parallel to the surface to which it was attached and appear in large numbers and are short
Flagellum propel water parallel to the axis of the flagellum and they are longer and less numerous
Their internal skeleton, however, is a commonality
Both create water currents for feeding and respiration, excretion reproduction and osmoregulation
describe the internal skeleton of the undulopodia
there are nine pairs of longitudinal microtubules arranged around a central pair. - this tube is called an axoneme. the axoneme is covered with a membrane continuous with the rest of the organism. when the axoneme enters the cell proper the central pair of microtubules stop at a plate within the circle of nine pairs. at this point another microtubules joins the nin pairs and the pairs are called the kinetosome or basal body.
chief form of locomotion for amebas and function
pseudopodia: temporary extensions of cytoplasm that function in locomotion and ingestion - usually found in amoebas or ameboid cells
what are the two states most common pseudopodia, lobopodia can be found in
endoplasm: in a fluid state
ectoplasm: in a gel or colloid state
Axopodia, Filipodia, Reticulopodia, lobopodia
long, thin pseudopodia supported by axial microtubules and can be extended or retracted by the addition or removal of microtubules materials
thin extensions, usually branching, containing only ectoplasm, that ocurr in amebas such as Chlamydophrys
repeatedly join to form a net-like mesh
large blunt extensions of the cell body with endoplasm and ectoplasm
how to pseudopodia formed
when a lobopodium starts to form and extension of the ectoplasm - hyalin cap - appears. As endoplasmic material flows through the hyalin cap in beings to fountain out, changing form a liquid to semi-solid form and becomes the ectoplasm. in the front of the organism the ectoplasm is a tube through which endoplasm flows as the pseudopodium extends. on the back side the ectoplasm becomes endoplasm then at some point the pseudopodium becomes anchored to a substrate and the organism is moved forward
what structures are present in protozoa without mitochondria
hydrogenosomes: produce ATP from hydrogen when O@ is not present - mitochondrial derivative
current hypothesis of pseudopodial movement
As the endoplasm fountains out in the hyalin cap, Actin subunits becomes polymerised into microfilaments which becomes cross-linked together by actin-binding protein to form gel - the endoplasm becomes the ectoplasm. At the posterior end the ABP releases microfilaments which return to the liquid (sol) state of the endoplasm. before the microfilaments disassemble they interact with the myosin contracting and causing the endoplasm to flow in a direction of the pseudopodium by hydrostatic pressure
Describe nutrition and digestion of protozoa
autotrophs - synthesise their own food - these usually contain plastids and use photosynthesis
heterotrophs - obtain organic material synthesised by other organisms
Of the heterotrophs their are two subgroups
- phagotrophs which are holozoic feeders meaning they ingest food particles
- osmotrophs which are saprozoic feeders meaning they ingest their food in soluble form