unification of germany and WR Flashcards
(321 cards)
1
Q
What year marked the springtime of nations with revolutions throughout Europe?
A
1848
2
Q
What does democracy entail in the context of the 1848 revolutions?
A
Universal male suffrage and parliaments.
3
Q
What is liberalism associated with?
A
Republics and individual freedoms.
4
Q
What does nationalism focus on?
A
National identity and unification.
5
Q
What does socialism aim to improve?
A
Conditions for workers.
6
Q
What was the outcome of the 1848 revolutions?
A
They ultimately failed to bring significant change but raised awareness.
7
Q
What was Germany prior to the 19th century?
A
The Holy Roman Empire, consisting of independent states.
8
Q
What was established in 1813?
A
The Confederation of the Rhine, consisting of 36 states allied to France.
9
Q
What did Napoleon’s conquest of German states inspire?
A
A desire for German unity due to a common hatred for France.
10
Q
What was the significance of the 1813 victory over Napoleon?
A
It reinforced the idea that Germany was stronger together.
11
Q
What economic factor motivated German states to unify?
A
The desire to eliminate trade barriers hampering most trade.
12
Q
What was established in 1818?
A
A free trade zone, with 25 out of 39 states joining by 1836.
13
Q
What was the German Confederation’s common parliament dominated by?
A
Prussia and Austria, which prevented liberal reforms and unification.
14
Q
What was the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848?
A
The first proposed united parliament, but it lacked representation for working classes.
15
Q
What was the proposed constitution for German states?
A
Unification as an empire ruled by a Kaiser, with an elected parliament and a charter of fundamental rights.
16
Q
What is Realpolitik?
A
A political approach used by Bismarck focusing on pragmatic decisions.
17
Q
What are the aspects of Realpolitik?
A
political decisions based on circumstances not ideology
willing to use any method to achieve aims
make compromises on matters of secondary importance
18
Q
What should political decisions prioritize according to Realpolitik?
A
Pragmatic decisions over ideology.
19
Q
What should be done regarding secondary matters in Realpolitik?
A
Compromise on secondary importance to achieve primary goals.
20
Q
What was Prussia’s status in Germany in 1860?
A
Prussia was the most dynamic and powerful state in Germany, with 41% of the population and significant territory.
21
Q
What did Frederick Wilhelm I issue in 1850?
A
He issued a constitution designed to entrench the power of the Junkers.
22
Q
Who was appointed as Prime Minister after the death of Frederick Wilhelm?
A
King Wilhelm appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister.
23
Q
What conflict did Bismarck capitalize on after the Second Schleswig War?
A
He capitalized on a dispute with Denmark over the status of Schleswig and Holstein.
24
Q
What was the outcome of the invasion of Denmark by Prussian and Austrian troops?
A
They defeated Denmark.
25
What was the Treaty of Vienna regarding Holstein?
It was a pretext for a war in 1866.
26
What reforms did Bismarck propose to the German Confederation?
He proposed reforms aimed at reducing Austrian influence, which angered Austria.
27
What was the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War?
Prussia invaded Austria and achieved a decisive victory.
28
What was the Treaty of Prague?
It resulted in the eradication of Austrian influence in Germany.
29
What was established after the German Confederation was dissolved?
The North German Confederation was established, dominated by Prussia.
30
What percentage of territory and population did Prussia control in the North German Confederation?
Prussia controlled 80% of the territory and population.
31
What legislative bodies were created in the North German Confederation?
A common parliament with a lower house and a states house.
32
What severe laws were introduced in the North German Confederation?
Severe laws included a united postal system.
33
Which states were excluded from the North German Confederation?
The southern German states, former allies of Austria, were excluded.
34
What was the significance of Alsace-Lorraine?
It was former French territory that was annexed by Germany.
35
What was the EMS Telegram?
It involved a possible alliance between Prussia and Spain, which was seen as a threat to France.
36
What did the French ambassador request from Prussia?
A guarantee that no Hohenzollern family member would be on the Spanish throne.
37
What was Wilhelm's response to the French ambassador's request?
Wilhelm refused the request.
38
What did Bismarck do with the telegram regarding the incident?
He changed the wording to make it seem like France had insulted Germany.
39
What was the result of the altered telegram?
It incited anger in France, leading to a declaration of war.
40
What year did the Franco-Prussian War occur?
770
41
What was Bismarck's strategy during the Franco-Prussian War?
He saw an opportunity to bring southern states into the North German Confederation.
42
What was the size of the German army during the war?
1.5 million
43
What was the size of the French army during the war?
2 million
44
What was a key factor in Germany's military success?
Efficient mobilization using railways.
45
What were the consequences of the French mobilization?
It was chaotic and had inadequate supplies.
46
What was the outcome of the war for France?
France surrendered.
47
What were the impacts of the Franco-Prussian War?
Southern German states joined the North German Confederation, leading to the formation of the German Empire.
48
What was the demographic composition of the German Empire?
62% Protestants, 35% Catholics.
49
What was the effect of internal migration in the German Empire?
It led to the blending of religious groups.
50
What was the impact of industrialization in the German Empire?
It resulted in quick growth.
51
How was the political system of the German Empire structured?
It was a federal constitutional monarchy designed to seem democratic.
52
Who dominated the German Empire?
Prussia.
53
What powers did the Kaiser have?
The Kaiser could convene, dissolve parliament, and appoint the cabinet.
54
How many members were in the lower house of the German Empire?
397 elected members.
55
How many members were in the upper house of the German Empire?
58 appointed by state governments.
56
What economic changes occurred in the German Empire?
Industrialization was boosted, border tariffs were removed, and a uniform currency was established.
57
What was the national income per capita in 1871 and 1918?
1871: 352, 1918: 778.
58
What rights did workers lack in the German Empire?
Workers lacked rights.
59
What was the Kulturkampf?
It was a conflict where Catholics, as a minority, feared their rights would be attacked.
60
What measures did Bismarck introduce against the Catholic Church?
He introduced registration that decreased the influence of the Catholic Church and reinforced harsher punishments.
61
What was the result of Bismarck's actions against the Catholic Church?
Increased support for the Centre Party.
62
What was the biggest threat to Bismarck's government?
The biggest threat was the social democrats, who were growing in popularity with industrial workers.
63
How many members did the social democratic party have by 1905?
By 1905, the social democratic party had 400,000 members.
64
What did Bismarck say about the social democrats?
Bismarck referred to them as 'this country's rats and should be exterminated.'
65
What actions did Bismarck take against the social democrats?
He banned their newspapers, affiliated trade unions, and meetings.
66
What program did Bismarck implement to counteract the social democrats?
Bismarck implemented a social welfare program to improve working conditions and increase loyalty to the state.
67
Why did Bismarck's social welfare program fail?
It failed because it was seen as insincere.
68
What forms of support did people show for the social democrats?
People wore ribbons and political buttons to show their support and printed newspapers outside Germany, smuggling them in.
69
What was a key factor in the fall of Bismarck?
Kaiser Wilhelm I's ambitions to expand conflicted with Bismarck's policies.
70
What happened when one of the anti-socialist laws failed to be removed?
When one anti-socialist law failed to be removed, it led to Bismarck being asked to resign.
71
What does 'Spirit of 1914' refer to?
It refers to the unity in Germany at the beginning of World War I, which deteriorated as the war dragged on.
72
What were some consequences of the British blockade on Germany?
It led to shortages of food and made goods unaffordable.
73
What was the impact of the 'Kill Mutiny' in Winter 1916-17?
It resulted in 790,000 deaths from hunger and cold, creating hostility towards the government.
74
What is the 'stabbed in the back' myth?
It is a narrative that emerged blaming the German government for the loss of World War I, suggesting they betrayed the military.
75
What was the significance of the Armistice signed by the new government?
It marked the end of World War I, requiring Germany to evacuate troops and surrender weapons.
76
What were the conditions imposed on Germany by the Armistice?
Germany had to immediately evacuate troops from Belgium and France and surrender weaponry, including 2,500 heavy guns and 1,700 airplanes.
77
What were the political tensions in Germany post-Armistice?
Right-wing factions were angered by the Armistice and the abdication of the Kaiser, while left-wing factions called for a second communist revolution.
78
What was the role of the Freikorps?
They were 250,000 armed paramilitary units operating independently of government control.
79
What political parties emerged during the Weimar Republic?
The main parties included the Social Democrats (workers), the Centre Party (Catholics), and the Communist Party (KPD).
80
What was the Sportarist Uprising?
A communist uprising from January 5-12, 1919, aimed at creating a Soviet-style regime in Germany.
## Footnote
The uprising involved mass protests and strikes to overthrow the government.
81
Who did Ebert call to suppress the Sportarist Uprising?
Ebert called in Freikorps units, which were right-wing paramilitary groups, to crush the uprising.
## Footnote
This decision alienated many left-wing supporters.
82
What was Germany's expectation from the Paris Peace Conference?
Germany expected the treaty to be based on Wilson's 14 Points, which were seen as fair and just.
## Footnote
The 14 Points aimed for peace without victory.
83
What were the aims of the Big Three at the Paris Peace Conference?
France aimed to punish and weaken Germany, the USA wanted to avoid another world war while punishing Germany, and Britain feared a harsh treaty could lead to a communist revolution.
## Footnote
France sought to ensure Germany remained economically and militarily weak.
84
What was the electoral system used in the 1919 Weimar Federal elections?
The elections used proportional representation, where 5% of the vote equated to 5% of the seats.
## Footnote
All German citizens over 20 were eligible to vote.
85
Who was elected as the first President of the Weimar Republic?
Ebert was elected as the first President.
## Footnote
His election marked a significant shift from the previous imperial rule.
86
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany?
The treaty imposed harsh penalties, including loss of territory, a limited army of 100,000, and a ban on conscription.
## Footnote
Germany had no choice but to sign due to the threat of invasion.
87
what happened in the spartacist uprising
ebert sacked a popular police chief= mass protests and strikes, kdp attempted to take control and overthrow govt.
ebert called for people to resist= workers followed
88
What was the Kapp Putsch?
The Kapp Putsch was a coup attempt in March 1920 by the Freikorps, a paramilitary group, against the Weimar Republic.
89
What triggered the Kapp Putsch?
The signing of the Treaty of Versailles angered many Germans, leading them to view the Weimar Republic as illegitimate.
90
What happened during the Kapp Putsch?
Around 6,000 Freikorps marched on Berlin, occupying government buildings and forcing the government to flee.
91
What was the government's response to the Kapp Putsch?
Ebert's government issued a proclamation for a general strike, leading to 12 million people stopping work.
92
What was the impact of the general strike?
The general strike caused a halt in essential services like gas and electricity, making it impossible for the government to function.
93
What did the Kapp Putsch reveal about the Weimar Republic?
Although unsuccessful, the Kapp Putsch highlighted the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic.
94
What are the two parts of the Weimar Constitution?
Part 1 addresses the composition of the Reich and its responsibilities, while Part 2 outlines the basic rights and obligations of Germans.
95
What rights were guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution?
Every German citizen was equal before the law, with rights such as freedom of speech and the right to form trade unions.
96
What was the interpretation of the Weimar Constitution by historians?
Some historians viewed it as more democratic than many other systems but noted a fatal lack of legitimacy.
97
What was the issue with proportional representation in the Reichstag?
Proportional representation made it difficult for a single party to gain a majority, leading to coalition governments.
98
What powers did Article 48 grant to the president?
Article 48 allowed the president to rule by decree without Reichstag approval in emergencies, which could suspend civil liberties.
99
What was the concern regarding the definition of 'emergency' in Article 48?
The lack of a clear definition for 'emergency' undermined democracy and allowed for potential abuse of power.
100
What did military leaders think of the Weimar Republic?
Military leaders increasingly viewed the republic as illegitimate, leading to tensions within the state.
101
What was established in 1923 in Germany?
The Weimar Republic.
102
What did Evans (2004) interpret about the Weimar government?
It was a coalition government that was unstable.
103
What was the state of the German economy at the end of the 1920s?
It was ruined by WW1, with agricultural output at 60% of prewar levels and GDP not surpassing prewar levels until 1927.
104
What was the impact of the London Schedule of Payments in 1921?
It divided reparations into three groups, with A and B requiring annual payments of 2000 million gold marks.
105
What was the Policy of Fulfillment?
Established by Joseph Wirth, it aimed to fulfill the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles while appearing that Germany could pay.
106
What happened when Germany refused to pay reparations?
Germany sold gold deposits and printed money, leading to inflation and economic decline.
107
What did the Reparation Commission declare about Germany?
Germany was declared in default.
108
What was the French response to Germany's default?
They invaded the Ruhr, which produced 69% of Germany's coal and 65% of its steel.
109
What was the policy of passive resistance in Germany?
It was a refusal to cooperate with French occupiers, leading to strains on the economy.
110
What was established in 1923 in Germany?
The Weimar Republic.
111
What did Evans (2004) interpret about the Weimar government?
It was a coalition government that was unstable.
112
What was the state of the German economy at the end of the 1920s?
It was ruined by WW1, with agricultural output at 60% of prewar levels and GDP not surpassing prewar levels until 1927.
113
What was the impact of the London Schedule of Payments in 1921?
It divided reparations into three groups, with A and B requiring annual payments of 2000 million gold marks.
114
What was the Policy of Fulfillment?
Established by Joseph Wirth, it aimed to fulfill the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles while appearing that Germany could pay.
115
What happened when Germany refused to pay reparations?
Germany sold gold deposits and printed money, leading to inflation and economic decline.
116
What did the Reparation Commission declare about Germany?
Germany was declared in default.
117
What was the French response to Germany's default?
They invaded the Ruhr, which produced 69% of Germany's coal and 65% of its steel.
118
What was the policy of passive resistance in Germany?
It was a refusal to cooperate with French occupiers, leading to strains on the economy.
119
What occurred in Summer 1923 regarding prices?
Prices were raised multiple times each day.
120
What were the effects of hyperinflation on basic goods?
There were shortages and long lines to get basic goods.
121
What economic system emerged due to hyperinflation?
A bartering/trading system using foreign currency replaced the money-based economy.
122
Who benefited from hyperinflation?
Borrowers could pay back loans easily with worthless money and farmers received more money as prices increased.
123
How were people on wages affected by hyperinflation?
They were relatively safe because wages were renegotiated daily, but eventually wages failed to keep up with prices.
124
What happened to unemployment rates during hyperinflation?
Unemployment rose from 1.5% in 1922 to 13.5% in 1924.
125
Who suffered the most during hyperinflation?
People on fixed incomes and the middle class suffered the most.
126
How did government pensions fare during hyperinflation?
Government pensions did not adjust with inflation.
127
What happened to savings kept in banks?
Savings became worthless in minutes.
128
What happened to small businesses during hyperinflation?
Many small businesses went bankrupt due to rising costs.
129
What was the political impact of hyperinflation?
It damaged the reputation of the Weimar Coalition and increased support for radical parties.
130
What was the outcome of the 1924 elections?
The Communist party won 58 extra seats.
131
What was the effect of hyperinflation on political stability in Germany?
It spread political instability across Germany.
132
What action did the army in Bavaria take during this period?
The army suspended democratic rule.
133
What is hyperinflation?
Hyperinflation is defined as rapid, excessive, and out-of-control price increases across the entire economy.
134
What inflation rate indicates hyperinflation?
Inflation rates measuring more than 50% per month indicate hyperinflation.
135
What were the causes of high inflation rates in the early 1920s in Germany?
High inflation rates were caused by government debt from WW1 and the need to pay reparations.
136
How did the German government attempt to service its debt?
The government attempted to service its debt by printing money.
137
What economic problems did the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr cause?
The occupation caused severe economic problems, including strikes that crippled industrial production.
138
What was the impact of the blockade on Germany?
The blockade cut Germany off from its main industrial area, halting coal production.
139
How did the government respond to the loss of wages for Ruhr workers?
The government paid Ruhr workers for wages lost, paying out trillions of marks each week.
140
What was the government spending in April 1923 compared to its earnings?
In April 1923, the government was spending 700% of what it was earning.
141
What measures did the government take to finance its spending?
To finance its spending, the government started printing money and authorized the printing of masses of paper notes.
142
How many paper mills and printing shops were utilized for printing money?
300 paper mills and 2,000 printing shops were utilized.
143
What happened to the value of the mark as more paper money was printed?
The value of the mark dramatically decreased as more paper money was printed.
144
What was the exchange rate of the US dollar to German marks by November 1923?
By November 1923, the exchange rate was 1 US dollar = 4,210,500,000,000 German marks.
145
What were the prices in marks for select items in 1913?
In 1913, the prices were: 1 egg = 0.08 marks, 1 kg butter = 2.70 marks, 1 kg beef = 1.75 marks, and a pair of shoes = 12.00 marks.
146
What was the value of one gold mark in paper marks in 1923?
In 1923, the value of one gold mark was 1,000,000,000 paper marks.
147
Who became Chancellor of Germany in 1923?
Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor of a new government in 1923.
148
Which political party was Gustav Stresemann a member of?
He was a member of the centre-right German People's Party.
149
What was Gustav Stresemann's view on the Republic?
He was a monarchist who accepted the Republic as the lesser of evils.
150
How long did Gustav Stresemann serve as Chancellor?
He served as Chancellor for 103 days.
151
What position did Gustav Stresemann hold from 1923 to 1929?
He was Germany's Foreign Minister from 1923 to 1929.
152
What policy did Stresemann halt in September 1923?
He halted the passive resistance policy.
153
What was the policy of fulfilment?
It was a policy aimed at improving conditions in Germany by restarting the economy.
154
What crisis needed to be solved to restart the economy?
The crisis in the Ruhr and hyperinflation needed to be solved.
155
What did Stresemann need to do to get France to leave the Ruhr?
He needed to pay reparations and obey the Treaty of Versailles.
156
What action did Stresemann take when faced with resistance in the Reichstag?
He had Ebert declare a state of emergency using Article 48.
157
How long did the state of emergency last?
The state of emergency lasted until February 1924.
158
What did the state of emergency allow Stresemann to do?
It allowed him to bypass the Reichstag and restart payment of reparations.
159
What did Stresemann order German workers to do?
He ordered them to return to work and cooperate with the French.
160
What currency did Stresemann introduce to combat hyperinflation?
He introduced the Rentenmark.
161
What was the exchange rate for the Rentenmark?
The exchange rate was fixed at 1 billion old marks for 1 Rentenmark.
162
What happened to the old banknotes?
Old notes were collected and burned to take them out of circulation.
163
What was the result of introducing the Rentenmark?
The value of the Rentenmark was stable, and prices began to settle.
164
What was the impact of Stresemann's actions on people's savings?
Many people were unable to regain their savings.
165
What was the damage to the reputation of the Weimar Republic?
The damage had been considerable due to the economic crisis.
166
What was the impact of hyperinflation on the German economy?
Hyperinflation made clear that the German economy was unstable and weak.
167
Who leveraged the hyperinflation situation to renegotiate reparations?
Stresemann leveraged this situation to renegotiate reparations.
168
What event led to public sympathy for Germany?
The French invasion of the Ruhr led to public sympathy for Germany.
169
What did the Allies realize about reparations repayments?
The Allies realized that reparations repayments were too high.
170
What was the total amount of reparations payments owed by Germany?
$2.5 billion in reparation payments.
171
What was the purpose of the Dawes Plan negotiated in 1924?
The Dawes Plan was negotiated to help repair the German economy and pay the reparation bill.
172
What was the annual reparations payment under the Dawes Plan?
The annual reparations payment was reduced to 1 billion marks for 5 years, then to 2.5 billion afterwards.
173
What did the Young Plan of 1929 do?
The Young Plan extended the deadline to pay until 1988 and reduced the amount by 20%.
174
Who supervised the German banks, railways, and tax collection under the Dawes and Young Plans?
US, British, and French experts supervised these sectors.
175
What was the initial loan amount from the US government to Germany?
The initial loan from the US government to Germany was $800 million.
176
What was the effect of American loans on German industry?
Money from American loans led to investments in German industry.
177
What was the output of coal per worker in 1925 and 1932?
In 1925, the output was 225 tons; by 1932, it increased to 386 tons.
178
What significant merger occurred in 1924?
In 1924, six chemical companies merged to form IG Farben, which became the 4th largest company in the world.
179
By 1929, how much more was German industry producing compared to before WW1?
By 1929, German industry was producing 33% more than before WW1.
180
What was the trend in German exports and wages from 1925 to 1929?
Exports increased by 40% and wages rose every year during this period.
181
What was Stresemann's goal as foreign minister?
To advocate for better relations with other European powers and restore Germany's position as a great power.
182
What did Stresemann realize about continued antagonism?
It could lead to a possible repeat of the Ruhr invasion.
183
What was the significance of increased trade with other European economies?
It would help Germany recover economically.
184
What were the Locarno Treaties?
A series of treaties signed in October 1925 that pledged to guarantee peace in Western Europe.
185
Which countries were involved in the Locarno Treaties?
Germany, Belgium, Britain, France, and Italy.
186
What did Germany renounce in the Locarno Treaties?
Alsace-Lorraine.
187
What was Germany's pledge regarding Belgium and France?
Germany pledged never to invade Belgium and France again, provided Britain intervened if France attacked Germany.
188
What agreements were signed with Czechoslovakia and Poland?
Arbitration agreements to settle any future conflicts by the League of Nations.
189
Did Germany accept its eastern borders as final?
No, Germany did not accept its eastern borders as final.
190
What was the Treaty of Berlin?
A 1926 non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR.
191
How did Stresemann's foreign policy affect tensions in Europe?
It significantly reduced tensions and improved relations with France.
192
What was a notable achievement of Germany in 1926?
Germany joined the League of Nations as a permanent member of the Security Council.
193
What did Stresemann's actions show regarding the Treaty of Versailles?
They showed that Germany was sincere in its attempts to accept the TOV and fulfill its international obligations.
194
What recognition did Stresemann receive in 1926?
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his achievements.
195
How were Stresemann's policies viewed by many in Germany?
They were unpopular and seen as a betrayal by nationalists.
196
What term was used to describe Stresemann due to his acceptance of TOV borders?
Fulfillment politician.
197
When was Adolf Hitler born and where?
Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, in 1889.
198
What ideology did Hitler become involved in from an early age?
Hitler became involved in pan-German nationalism.
199
What did Hitler think of Austria's monarchy?
He saw Austria as corrupt and decadent and disliked its multiracial monarchy.
200
When did Hitler move to Munich and join the German army?
Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 and joined the German army in 1914.
201
What honor did Hitler receive during WW1?
He received the Iron Cross 1st Class, Germany's highest honor.
202
What did Hitler describe the armistice as in Mein Kampf?
He described the armistice as the 'greatest villainy of the century.'
203
Who did Hitler blame for Germany's problems post WW1?
He believed that Germany had been stabbed in the back by 'Jews' and 'Communists.'
204
What was Hitler's role in the army after WW1?
He remained in the army and took political instruction courses.
205
What was the purpose of Hitler's attendance at far-right political gatherings?
He was ordered to report on their activities to determine if they were dangerous or could be coopted to fight against communist uprisings.
206
When did Hitler attend a meeting of the German Workers Party (DAP)?
He attended a meeting of the DAP on January 5, 1919.
207
What was the DAP and who founded it?
The DAP was a small group of nationalists founded by Anton Drexler in March 1918.
208
What was the DAP's stance on the Weimar Republic?
The DAP was hostile to the Weimar Republic because it had signed the Treaty of Versailles.
209
What did the DAP not want regarding the Kaiser?
The DAP did not want the return of the Kaiser, whom they viewed as oppressive capitalist.
210
What did the DAP believe about Jews?
They believed that Jews were the root of Germany's problems, responsible for both capitalist exploitation of workers and communism.
211
What was Hitler's membership number in the DAP?
Hitler enrolled as party member number 555, making him the 55th member.
212
How did Hitler rise in the DAP?
He became known as a persuasive and passionate orator, quickly rising in prominence in the party.
213
What significant program did Hitler and Drexler publish in February 1920?
They published the 25 Point program outlining Nazi Party views.
214
What was the new name of the DAP in April 1920?
In April 1920, the DAP changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP, or Nazi for short).
215
What was the Sturmabteilung (SA)?
The Sturmabteilung (SA) was the Nazi paramilitary wing created in August 1921.
216
What role did the SA play in the Nazi Party?
The SA protected party functions, acted as bodyguards, and staged parades to show the party's strength and unity.
217
Who primarily made up the SA?
The SA was primarily composed of young men, with 80% under the age of 30, including ex-army veterans and former Freicorp soldiers.
218
What was the significance of the SA's brown uniforms?
The brown uniforms were provided by the Nazi Party and led to the SA being commonly referred to as 'brownshirts'.
219
What motivated young men to join the SA?
Young men joined the SA for comradeship, employment, and to vent anger at the 'November Criminals' after being frustrated with life in the Weimar Republic.
220
What event inspired Hitler to organize a putsch in November 1923?
Hitler was inspired by Mussolini's successful 'March on Rome' in October 1922.
221
What was the membership of the Nazi Party by November 1923?
By November 1923, the Nazi Party had grown to 70,000 members, including 15,000 SA.
222
What external factors contributed to the Nazi Party's growth?
The invasion of the Ruhr and the economic crisis weakened the German government, contributing to the Nazi Party's growth.
223
What was the Munich Putsch?
A failed coup attempt by Hitler and the Nazi Party in November 1923.
224
What triggered the Munich Putsch?
Far-right Germans were angered by Stresemann's reforms and the policy of fulfilment regarding reparations.
225
Who led the right-wing government in Bavaria during the Munich Putsch?
Gustav Ritter von Kahr, supported by army commander Lossow.
226
What was Hitler's intention during the Munich Putsch?
To take the government hostage and install himself as the Bavarian leader.
227
Who supported Hitler during the Munich Putsch?
General Ludendorff, a war hero from WW1.
228
What happened on November 8th, 1923?
Hitler and 600 SA stormed into the Bürgerbräukeller Beerhall to take control.
229
What was the outcome of the Munich Putsch?
Hitler was arrested after a firefight with police, resulting in 16 Nazis killed.
230
What was the consequence of the Munich Putsch for the Nazi Party?
The Nazi Party was outlawed, and they could not participate in elections.
231
What was Hitler's sentence after the Munich Putsch?
He was sentenced to 5 years in prison but was released after serving only 9 months.
232
What was the impact of the growth of German industry on wages and working conditions?
The growth of German industry led to improved wages and conditions for workers. Real value of wages increased each year from 1924, with wages rising by 9% in 1927 and 12% in 1928. By 1929, Germany's industrial workforce was the best paid in Europe.
## Footnote
Average working hours and improved working practices resulted in fewer workplace injuries.
233
How did middle classes fare during the economic growth of the late 1920s?
The middle classes did not enjoy the benefits of increased economic growth. By the late 1920s, industrial wages reached levels that equaled or exceeded salaries for professionals, yet unemployment was high among white-collar professions.
## Footnote
In April 1928, 184,000 middle-class workers were seeking employment, with 50% not eligible for unemployment benefits.
234
What were the conditions of agricultural production in Germany during this period?
Agricultural production was less than 75% of prewar levels. Farmers were competing with cheaper imported food and taking out large loans to buy farm machinery, leading to defaults and bankruptcies.
## Footnote
This resulted in farm foreclosures.
235
What made the new German prosperity fragile?
The economic growth relied on continued US loans. If these loans were recalled, the German economy could collapse again. Industrial growth was built on automation, which reduced the need for workers, leading to unemployment that did not fall below 1.3 million and rose to 1.9 million by 1929.
## Footnote
Exports increased by 40%, but the government spent more on imports.
236
What contributed to political stability in Germany from 1924-1929?
The Dawes Plan and the stabilization of the economy contributed to political stability.
237
What major rebellions occurred against the Weimar Republic between 1919 and 1924?
The Spartacist Uprising (1919), Kapp Putsch (1920), and Munich Putsch (1923) were major rebellions.
238
What was the outcome of the 1928 election in Germany?
The SPD won 153 out of 491 seats, marking the largest vote since 1920.
239
What was the significance of the Locarno Pact in 1925?
Germany recognized its Western frontiers as final, ending international isolation.
240
What did Germany agree to regarding eastern territories after the Locarno Pact?
Germany agreed to use peaceful means to reacquire territories in the East.
241
When did Germany join the League of Nations?
Germany joined the League of Nations in September 1926 with a permanent seat on the Council.
242
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact that Germany signed in 1928?
Germany committed to settling disputes peacefully through the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
243
What challenges did the Weimar Republic face despite some stability?
The Weimar Republic suffered from a lack of legitimacy and continued street violence.
244
Who was elected president of Germany in 1925?
Paul von Hindenburg was elected as president in 1925.
245
What was Paul von Hindenburg's political stance?
He was an anti-democratic nationalist with no commitment to parliamentary government.
246
What is a Welfare State?
A system where the government provides support for people through payments and free services, open to all citizens.
247
What was the welfare system in Germany?
It included existing pensions and health insurance schemes set up by Bismarck, extended to cover payments for war veterans, young people, single mothers, and the disabled.
248
What significant construction occurred between 1926-1930?
300,000 new or renovated social houses were constructed, along with new hospitals and clinics, increasing hospital beds by 50% since 1913.
249
What was the Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927?
An act where both employers and employees contributed a portion of wages to fund unemployment benefits, covering 17 million workers.
250
What was the financial impact of the expanded welfare system?
From 1924-1929, the government spent 26% of GDP on welfare, the highest amount in Europe, leading to a budget deficit.
251
How did the welfare system affect the size of bureaucracy?
The size of the bureaucracy increased by 40% due to the administration of the welfare system.
252
How many people were dependent on government pensions in 1926?
800,000 war veterans, 360,000 widows, and 900,000 orphans were dependent on government pensions.
253
What resentment did many Germans have towards the welfare state?
Richer Germans resented paying for benefits through increased taxes, which doubled from 9% in 1913 to 17% in 1925.
254
What criticism did recipients have towards the welfare system?
Many recipients felt insulted by the condescending treatment from welfare officials and believed the payments were insufficient.
255
What political parties were part of the German middle class?
The German Social Party, German-Hanoverian Party, Independent Social Democrats, and Bavarian Peasants' League.
256
What was the support for the Nazi Party?
The Nazi Party received 945,644 votes, indicating significant support among the population.
257
What was the vote count for the Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party?
The party received 810,127 votes.
258
What was the vote count for the Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation?
The party received 571,891 votes.
259
What was the vote count for the German Farmers' Party?
The party received 509,471 votes.
260
What was the vote count for the Agricultural League?
The league received 481,254 votes.
261
What was the vote count for the German-Hanoverian Party?
The party received 199,548 votes.
262
What was the role of Weimar Germany in the arts?
Weimar Germany, especially Berlin, was the center of artistic innovation, creativity, and experimentation.
263
What did the Weimar constitution achieve for artists?
The Weimar constitution banned censorship, leading to unprecedented artistic freedom.
264
What was the impact of left-wing socialist ideals on artists?
Artists were influenced by left-wing socialist ideals and expressed contempt for bourgeois values.
265
What is Dadaism?
Dadaism was founded during WW1 to protest the horrors and folly of war. It influenced Weimar art, poetry, theater, and sculpture, being satirical, abstract, and nonsensical in nature.
266
What is New Objectivity in art?
New Objectivity challenged idealistic and romantic depictions, particularly of war, returning to a more realistic way of painting that reflected harsh realities.
267
Who were notable painters of the New Objectivity movement?
Painters like Otto Dix and George Grosz represented life 'warts and all'.
268
Who were important modern composers from the Weimar Republic?
Kurt Weill, Arnold Schoenberg, and Alban Berg experimented with atonal music inspired by jazz.
269
What types of works did modern composers write?
They wrote scores for cinema, theater, opera, and orchestral pieces.
270
What was the significance of cabaret clubs in Berlin?
Cabaret clubs became popular, particularly with youth, offering musical performances that were often raunchy and poked fun at establishment figures and traditional values.
271
What characterized German cinema in the 1920s?
German cinema boomed with an expressionist style featuring unrealistic sets, exaggerated acting, and favored darker storylines and themes, including horror and crime.
272
What were the challenges faced by German cinema in the 1920s?
There was a shortage of funding leading to small sets, low budgets, and a reliance on atmosphere.
273
What is an example of a significant film from the 1920s?
Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) is an important social commentary.
274
What was the role of Weimar Germany in the arts?
Weimar Germany, especially Berlin, was the center of artistic innovation, creativity, and experimentation.
275
What did the Weimar constitution achieve for artists?
The Weimar constitution banned censorship, leading to unprecedented artistic freedom.
276
What was the impact of left-wing socialist ideals on artists?
Artists were influenced by left-wing socialist ideals and expressed contempt for bourgeois values.
277
What is Dadaism?
Dadaism was founded during WW1 to protest the horrors and folly of war. It influenced Weimar art, poetry, theater, and sculpture, being satirical, abstract, and nonsensical in nature.
278
What is New Objectivity in art?
New Objectivity challenged idealistic and romantic depictions, particularly of war, returning to a more realistic way of painting that reflected harsh realities.
279
Who were notable painters of the New Objectivity movement?
Painters like Otto Dix and George Grosz represented life 'warts and all'.
280
Who were important modern composers from the Weimar Republic?
Kurt Weill, Arnold Schoenberg, and Alban Berg experimented with atonal music inspired by jazz.
281
What types of works did modern composers write?
They wrote scores for cinema, theater, opera, and orchestral pieces.
282
What was the significance of cabaret clubs in Berlin?
Cabaret clubs became popular, particularly with youth, offering musical performances that were often raunchy and poked fun at establishment figures and traditional values.
283
What characterized German cinema in the 1920s?
German cinema boomed with an expressionist style featuring unrealistic sets, exaggerated acting, and favored darker storylines and themes, including horror and crime.
284
What were the challenges faced by German cinema in the 1920s?
There was a shortage of funding leading to small sets, low budgets, and a reliance on atmosphere.
285
What is an example of a significant film from the 1920s?
Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) is an important social commentary.
286
What was the general sentiment of right-wing and middle-class Germans towards Weimar culture?
They were critical of it, viewing it as degenerate.
287
What types of art challenged traditional ideas about beauty during the Weimar Republic?
Abstract art and atonal music.
288
How did avant-garde artists affect traditional values?
They insulted traditional values and beliefs by poking fun at them.
289
What negative perceptions were associated with Weimar culture?
It was seen as hedonistic and obsessed with crime, deviance, and murder.
290
What role did tabloid newspapers play in shaping perceptions of crime during the Weimar Republic?
They reinforced negative views by reporting crimes in graphic detail.
291
What subjects became popular in art and movies during this time?
Criminals, prostitutes, and serial killers.
292
What fears arose from the liberal sexual culture of the Weimar Republic?
There were fears about the 'corruption' of women and youth.
293
What was seen as evidence of the degradation of German culture?
The liberal sexual culture and its perceived impact on society.
294
What were the economic and political conditions during the Weimar Republic?
It faced economic problems and violent politics.
295
How did greater freedoms for women affect traditional family roles?
It caused fears that traditional family roles were being neglected.
296
What percentage of the German workforce did young unmarried women represent in 1928?
36%.
297
What impact did economic independence have on women's choices?
Women became less likely to marry and have children.
298
What perception was held about women during this period?
They were seen as more interested in partying than starting a family.
299
What was the trend in the birthrate from 1920 to 1935?
It declined from 2.5 children per woman in 1920 to 1.77 in 1935.
300
What racial element was present in the criticism of Weimar culture?
Critics labeled 'degenerate' modern art as 'Jewish' and traditional art as 'German.'
301
Who were targeted as subversive during the Weimar Republic?
Jewish artists and intellectuals.
302
Why was jazz disliked by some critics?
It was associated with African-Americans.
303
What did music critic Alfred Einstein say about jazz?
He called it 'most disgusting treason against all occidental civilized music.'
304
What was the perception of American and British influences on German culture?
They were seen as undermining wholesome German values.
305
What was the Weimar Republic known for regarding sexuality?
The Weimar Republic was a period of sexual freedom.
306
What rights were granted to women during the Weimar Republic?
Women gained rights and access to contraception, leading to a more liberal attitude toward sex.
307
How did public displays of sexuality change during the Weimar Republic?
Public displays of sexuality became more common.
308
What was the status of homosexuality in the Weimar Republic?
Homosexuality was technically illegal.
309
What significant ruling did the Supreme Court make in 1921 regarding homosexual themes?
The Supreme Court ruled that homosexual themes in the press were not obscene unless erotic in nature.
310
What impact did the 1921 ruling have on gay and lesbian publishers?
It opened the door for gay and lesbian publishers, leading to the creation of gay and lesbian magazines.
311
What was the world's first lesbian magazine published during the Weimar Republic?
Die Freundin was published from 1924 to 1933.
312
How many lesbian magazines existed by 1930 and what was their readership?
By 1930, there were five lesbian magazines with over 1 million readers across Germany and Austria.
313
What films represented homosexual relationships in popular culture?
Films such as 'Anders als die Andern' (Different from the Others) and 'Madchen in Uniform' (Girls in Uniform) depicted homosexual relationships.
314
What types of venues catered to the LGBT community during the Weimar Republic?
Special cabarets and nightclubs catered to the LGBT community.
315
What was the purpose of crossdressing clubs during the Weimar Republic?
Crossdressing clubs allowed transgender individuals to display their gender identity.
316
How were gay and lesbian meeting spots advertised?
They were advertised in LGBT magazines.
317
What was established in July 1919 to research human sexuality?
The Institute for Sexual Research was founded.
318
What services did the Institute for Sexual Research provide?
It performed research into human sexuality, provided education on sex and relationships, and advocated for social acceptance of LGBT people.
319
What type of clinics were included in the Institute for Sexual Research?
Medical and psychological clinics for treating sexual diseases and disorders.
320
What counseling service did the Institute offer?
A free marriage and sex counseling service for poorer visitors.
321
How many people visited the Institute for Sexual Research each year?
The Institute was visited by around 20,000 people each year, conducting approximately 1,800 consultations.
