Unique New Content Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
bot
A
to be
2
Q
gwneuther
A
to do
3
Q
mynet
A
to go
4
Q
dyuot
A
to come
5
Q
dywed-
A
say, speak
6
Q
INDEPENDENT 1sg conjunctive pronoun
A
mynheu
7
Q
INDEPENDENT 1pl conjunctive pronoun
A
ninheu
8
Q
INDEPENDENT 2sg conjunctive pronoun
A
titheu
9
Q
INDEPENDENT 2pl conjunctive pronoun
A
chwitheu
10
Q
INDEPENDENT 3m sg conjunctive pronoun
A
ynteu
11
Q
INDEPEDENT 3m pl conjunctive pronoun
A
wynteu
12
Q
INDEPEDENT 3f conjunctive pronoun
A
hitheu
13
Q
INDEPEDENT 1sg reduplicated pronoun
A
miui/mivi
14
Q
INDEPEDENT 1pl reduplicated pronoun
A
nini
15
Q
INDEPEDENT 2sg reduplicated pronoun
A
tidi
16
Q
INDEPEDENT 2pl reduplicated pronoun
A
chwichwi
17
Q
INDEPEDENT 3m sg reduplicated pronoun
A
efo
18
Q
INDEPEDENT 3m pl reduplicated pronoun
A
wyntwy
19
Q
INDEPEDENT 3f reduplicated pronoun
A
hihi
20
Q
honn
A
this (feminine)
21
Q
honno
A
that (feminine)
22
Q
hwnn
A
this (masculine)
23
Q
hwnnw
A
that (masculine)
24
Q
hynn
A
these (plural)
25
hynny
those (plural)
26
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun 1sg and mutation
m, occasional h-prefixing
27
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 1pl
'n, none
28
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2sg
'th, lenition
29
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2pl
'(w)ch
30
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3m sg
'e^h / y^h / s
31
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3m 3pl
'e^h / y^h / s
32
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3f sg and pl
'e^h / y^h / s
33
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 1sg
(f/v)y(n) ideally fy or vy, nasalization
34
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 1pl
an/yn, h-prefixing of vowel
35
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 2sg
dy, lenition
36
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 2pl
ach/ych, none
37
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 3sg m
y, lenition
38
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 3sg f
y, spirantization
39
POSSESSIVE standard pronoun and mutation 3pl
eu or "eu yw y", h-prefixing (sometimes)
40
POSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 1sg
'm and probably just h prefixing
41
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 1pl
'n and probably just h prefixing
42
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2sg
'th
43
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 2pl
'(w)ch
44
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3sg m
'e 'y
45
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3pl m
'e 'y
46
POSSESSIVE infixed pronoun and mutation 3sg and pl f
'e 'y
47
consuetudinal definition
when something is usual/habitual and likely to occur in future usually referring to 'byd' root of bot which is used for consuetudinal and future
48
byd root use
future, consuetudinal
49
byd derived from
bot "to be"
50
Cardinals: 1, mutation
un, lenition but only on feminine singular noun
51
Cardinals: 2, mutation
deu / dwy , lenition
52
Cardinals: 3, mutation
Tri (S/N), teir (none)
53
Cardinals: 4, mutation
pedwar / pedeir, none
54
Cardinals: 6, mutation
chwech^L/S/N
55
Cardinals: 7, mutation
seith, lenition or nasalization
56
Cardinals: 8, mutation
Wyth, lenition
57
Cardinals: 9, mutation
Naw, nasalization
58
Cardinals: 10, mutation
Dec, nasalization
59
Cardinals: 5, mutation
Pymp, lenition or nasalization
60
Bot indic imperfect root
oed e.g. "oedwn". "oed", "oedut", "oedynt"
61
What are these? bu e.g. "buum", "bu", "buost", "buant"
"Bot" examples related to the past as they have "b" start but not "byd". Speciically here, indicate preterite
62
Bot present tense set
wyf 1sg, wyt 2sg, ym 1 sg, ywch 2pl, yw / (y)taw / oes 3sg, ynt 3pl, mae, maent
63
Bot: any past tense root
Anything that does not include "byd" that starts with a "b"
64
What are these? subj.pres. subj.imperf. sg. pl. sg. pl. 1 bwyf bom bewn beym 2 bych boch be(h)ut - 3 bo bo(e)n(t) bei/pei beynt impers. byther impers. bythit
"Bot" examples related to the past as they have "b" start but not "byd". Speciically here, indicate presence or imperfect (combined the two)
65
What are these? sg. pl. 1 buum buam buasswn - 2 buost buawch buassut - 3 bu buant/-ont buassei buassynt
"Bot" examples related to the past as they have "b" start but not "byd". Speciically here, icnludes jumbled both preterite and plusperfect forms
66
Any verb with root "gwn":
to do, or to make
67
What is this: "athwyt"
an example of mynet (to go)
68
Identifying mynet root
it's often something like "aeth"
69
What is this: doeth
Preterite 3sg came (dyuot)
70
What is this: daw
Present 3sg came (dyuot)
71
Identifying dyuot root
like any d verb that isn't provided or in the vocab sheet
72
what is this: deuent
imperative 3pl "come!"
73
what is this: down
imperative 1pl "come!"
74
what is this: dyfydd
imperative 2sg "come!"
75
to love 2sg present
kery
76
to love 2pl present
kerwch
77
to love impersonal
kerir
78
to love imperfect 1sg
carwn (yeah that's annoying asf bc same as present tense 1pl)
79
to love
80
-assa aspect to verb ending usual meaning
preterite plural
81
kereis
preterite 1sg "love"
82
kereist
preterite 2sg "love"
83
kyntaf
first
84
eil
second
85
dwylaw
pair of hands
86
how to form an equative
add ending -(h)et to the adjective and add the word kyn^L in front
87
kyn dewet a Phwyll
as fat as Pwyll
88
ky^N, kyf^L
89
they, for their part,
wynteu
90
she, for her part,
hitheu
91
'm
I/mine
92
'n
us/ours
93
'th
you/yours
94
'(w)ch
you all / all of yours'
95
'e
they/their
96
'y
they/their
97
's
they/their
98
what makes a sentence proper?
99
what makes a sentence improper?
Start sentence with non subject and then in the middle do something that is the actual subject taking an action. More specifically, "antecedent not the subject in the relative clause".
A weird example: The knight whose shield is big protects Wales. Whose shield is big is genitival relative clause with genitival relation to antecedent.
"Kyrmru a different y marchawc yd yw mawr y daryan"
100
what is nominativus pendens?
noun hangs at start of sentence followed by normal order for emphasis often in poems. there is always a pronoun in the normal order referring back to the noun.
101
what is the "usually" or "habitually" or "tends to" (repeatedly is and will in the future) type of verb called
consueteudinal
102
kynnar
early
103
early
kynnar
104
da
good
105
drwc
bad
106
llaw
small
107
mawr
big
108
arnaf
upon me
109
arnam
upon us
110
arnat
upon you
111
arnawch
upon you all
112
arnaw
upon him
113
arnadu(n)t, arnunt
upon them (males)
114
arnei erni
upon her
115
yna vs yma
there vs here
116
dyw-
speak root
117
subjunctive stem ending of irregular verbs
-el
118
what is "dos" and what does it mean
imperative 2sg mynet, "go!"
119
gwnaeth
3sg gwneutheur "made"
120
goruc
also 3sg gwneutheur past tense "did," or "made". Very often did in a tale e.g. "mynet a oruc Padric y Iwerdon" Patrick went to Ireland. Literally "going Patrick did to Ireland"
121
forming comparison X more than - how?
add "ach" to adjective. e.g. tewach y Pwyll, ie. "fatter no Phwyll"
122
Abstract nouns (e.g. whiteness): forming them
Can be formed by adding equative ending to a noun (et). E.g. gwynnet
123
forming superlative - how
add "(h)af" to adjective e.g. tewaf "fattest"
124
minnheu
for my part
125
making a singular out of a collective noun
add ynn or enn masculine or feminine respectively
126
making a normal plural out of a collective noun that became singular
usually add 'eu'
127
stem el-
mynet subjunctive mood (may happen)
128
stem del-
dyuot subjunctive mood (may happen)
129
steam gwnel-
gwneuther 'to do, make' subjunctive mood (may happen)
130
often making subjunctive
adding an -o or a -ych ending to verb stem, essentially, maybe with an h or something thrown in w.g. carho 'may love'. BUT ALSO often adding a -ych tpye thing
131
when use subjunctive
something may happen. or polite command "i hope you will _"
132
clywei
has evolved to often mean "could hear' (originally just imperfect)
133
gwelei
has evolved to often mean "could see" (originally just imperfect)
134
Making pluperfect 'something had been the case'
often adding an "(a)s(s)" in hte middle . "carassei" he had loved. "welsei" he had seen. "Buassat" had been
135
araf
slow
136
making adverb
add 'yn' e.g. 'yn araf' "in a slow manner" or "slowly"
137
ef a oed yn y charu
periphrastic construction with the verbal noun ‘he was loving her’
138
Oedwn yn y glywet (ef) meaning and what example of?
I was hearing him, and periphrastic construction with roundabout use of VN
139
oruc
3sg past to do, to make
140
gwnelhei
used to do
141
3sg past to do, to make
oruc
