Unit 0 VOCAB

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

Factor manipulated in experiment

Question 2

Dependent Variable

Answer 2

what is measured in experiment

Question 3

Experiment vs. Non-experimental

Answer 3

E) researcher has control over experiment
NE). researcher is just observing

Question 4

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 4

observation naturally recorded w/out manipulation

Question 5

Meta-analysis

Answer 5

statistically combined research

Question 6

Confounding Variable

Answer 6

3rd Variable; influenced study and both independent and dependent variable (ex: biological diff)

Question 7

Random assignment

Answer 7

assigning groups to minimize differences in groups

Question 8

Population

Answer 8

group being studied

Question 9

Sample

Answer 9

selecting participant of pop.to research and study

Question 10

Random Sampling

Answer 10

random to represent it the pop. better b/c every participant has and equal chance

Question 11

Convenience Samples

Answer 11

Samples selected b/c they are easy to study

Question 12

Sampling Bias

Answer 12

B/c a specific participant is more liked they are a larger part of the study which results in an unrepresentative sample

Question 13

Representative sample

Answer 13

group that closely matches the characteristics of majority of pop.

Question 14

Generalizability

Answer 14

samples observation can be generalized for broader pop.

Question 15

Experimental Group

Answer 15

group exposed to independent variable

Question 16

Controlled Group

Answer 16

group not exposed to independent variable

Question 17

Placebo group

Answer 17

a group receives an inert substance (placebo) instead of active drug

Question 18

Placebo effect

Answer 18

participants react diff. b/c they know of treatment

Question 19

Single-Blind Procedure

Answer 19

Subject of experiment doesn’t know what treatment group they are in

Question 20

Double-Blind Procedure

Answer 20

Both researcher and subject don’t know what treatment group they’re in

Question 21

Experimental Bias

Answer 21

Influence of researcher/experimenter on an experiment/study

Question 22

Case Study

Answer 22

Technique w/ individual or group

Question 23

Correlation

Answer 23

Studying how 2 factors effect and influence another

Question 24

Positive Correlation

Answer 24

when the two variables move in the same direction

Question 25

Negative correlation

Answer 25

value of 1 variable increases as the value of the other decreases

Question 26

Directionality problem

Answer 26

2 variables are related cause & effect is undetermined

Question 27

Third Variable Problem

Answer 27

third variable leads to mistaken causal relationship between 2 other variables

Question 28

Scatterplots

Answer 28

graphed cluster of dots which shows relationships b/w 2 variable

Question 29

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 29

statistical index relationship b/w 2 things (from -1.00 to 1.00)

Question 30

Qualatitative measures

Answer 30

rating scale; measures/surveys participants' opinions, attitudes, motivations, and more.

Question 31

Quanitative measures (e.g. structured interviews)

Answer 31

data taken from obs, interview, or open-ended question

Question 32

Surveys

Answer 32

self reported data of a participant through q&a's

Question 33

Framing

Answer 33

how a situation is posed; how a question is worded influenced result/data

Question 34

Social desirability bias

Answer 34

participants change answers to appeal to others (inconclusive data)

Question 35

Self-Report Bias

Answer 35

self report characteristic v. obs from researchers (may lead to inconclusive data)

Question 36

Hypothesis

Answer 36

testable prediction, often a theory

Question 37

Falsifiability

Answer 37

assertion, hypothesis, or theory can be shown to be false by an observation or experiment

Question 38

Operational definitions

Answer 38

exact statement of procedures/operations

Question 39

Replication and Peer review

Answer 39

repeating study usually w/ diff participants (to find trends)

Question 40

Ethical guidelines

Answer 40

safely and responsibly conduct a research study or provide treatments to clients

Question 41

Institutional review board

Answer 41

protect rights of pop. in research activities being conducted under its authority

Question 42

Informed consent

Answer 42

giving info to participants so they know if they want to participant

Question 43

Informed assent

Answer 43

process in which minors can choose to participate

Question 44

Protection From Harm

Answer 44

researcher must not embarrass, frighten, offend or harm participants

Question 45

Confidentiality of participants

Answer 45

prevent the identities of participants from being revealed

Question 46

Minimal deception

Answer 46

if participants are deceived is must not be so extreme as to invalidate the informed consent

Question 47

Confederates

Answer 47

individuals who seem to be participants but are part of research team

Question 48

Debriefing

Answer 48

post-experiment explanation of study

Question 49

Central tendency

Answer 49

stat that identifies single value as rep. of the entire distribution of data

Question 50

Measures of variation

Answer 50

range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation

Question 51

Normal curve

Answer 51

bell shaped curve that describes distribution of many diff data

Question 52

Positive and negative skews

Question 53

Bimodal distributions

Answer 53

2 diff groups are visible in a histogram

Question 54

Regression toward the mean

Answer 54

variables much higher or lower than the mean are often much closer to the mean when measured a second time

Question 55

Statistical significance

Answer 55

result from data generated is likely to be attributable to a specific cause

Question 56

Effect sizes

Answer 56

tells how meaningful relationship between groups and variable are

Question 57

Cognitive biases

Answer 57

human thinking and reasoning that often do not comply with study values

Question 58

Confirmation bias

Answer 58

tendency to search for info that supports preconceptions (distorted contradictory evidence)