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Biology 30 > ( UNIT 03 ) Domain & Kingdoms & Phylums > Flashcards

( UNIT 03 ) Domain & Kingdoms & Phylums Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • Domain Bacteria
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Eukarya
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2
Q

Domain Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Peptidoglycan cell walls
  • Some Aerobic or Anaerobic
  • Some Autotrophic , Most Heterotrophic
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3
Q

Domain Archaea

A
  • Prokaryotes ( ancient bacteria but more closely related to eukarya )
  • Cells walls DON’T contain Peptidoglycan
  • Some autotrophic ; Most heterotrophic
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4
Q

Domain Eukarya

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Cell Walls vary within each of the 4 kingdoms ( Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia )
  • Fungi + Animalia : heterotrophic
  • Protista + Plantae : autorophs
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5
Q

Briefly describe the three groups of Domain Archaea

A

(all to the extreme!!!)
- Thermoacidophiles : Hot + Acidic environments
- Halophiles : Salty environments
- Mathanogens : Obligate Anaerobes (can’t live in the presence of oxygen

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6
Q

Difference in the cells walls of Domain Bacteria and Archaea ?

A

Bacteria contains Peptidoglycan; Archaea does not.

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7
Q

Plasmid

A

A small circular piece of DNA found in many Prokaryotes.

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8
Q

Capsules

A

A secreted layer of polysaccharides around the cell walls of prokaryotes that prevent is from drying out or being attacked by white blood cells and antibiotics.

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9
Q

Pilli

A

Hair-like structures made out of protein that help bacteria attach to surfaces.

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10
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical prokaryotes.

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11
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped prokaryotes.

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12
Q

Spirilli

A

Spiral shaped prokaryotes.

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13
Q

List the basic steps of Gram Staining (which stains are used and in what order)?

A
  1. Sterilize inoculation loop
  2. Fix slide
    (Add chemicals in this order)
  3. Crystal Violet (stains purple)
  4. Gram’s Iodine
  5. Alcohol Solution
  6. Safranin
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14
Q

What colour is Gram Positive ?

A

Purple.

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15
Q

What colour is Gram Negative?

A

Pink.

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16
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Cell divides into two genetically identical cells
17
Q

Conjugation

A
  • Sexual Reproduction
  • 2 prokaryotes attach and exchange genetic information
  • Good to increase genetic diversity
18
Q

Name the 8 different ways Prokaryotes can gain energy.

A
  • Anaerobic
  • Obligate Anaerobes
  • Facultative Anaerobes
  • Obligate Aerobes
  • Heterotrophs
  • Saprotrophs
  • Photoautotrophs
  • Chemoautotrophs
19
Q

Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t use oxygen for growth / metabolism.

20
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Can’t live/grow in the presence of oxygen.

21
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can grow both in the presence of oxygen or without it.

22
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Must consume other organisms for food/energy.

23
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Heterotrophic bacteria; can’t photosynthesize own food.

24
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Uses light to produce food for energy.

25
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Doesn’t require light for energy.

26
Q

Endospore

A
  • A structure produced by bacteria due to harsh conditions
  • Like a dormant cell
  • When conditions improve endospore grows/germinates into a new bacterial cell
27
Q

How can bacteria be helpful to humans and the environment ?

A
  • Humans : Competes with harmful bacteria to prevent them from causing disease ( E. Coli in us makes vitamin K )
  • Environment : Helps cycle nutrients and Nitrogen Fixation
28
Q

What are 2 ways a bacteria can cause disease?

A
  • Multiply quick in the site of infection before bodies defense system can destroy them
  • They can secrete a toxin/other substances that might cause harm
29
Q

Describe the structure of a virus.

A

A non-living strand of genetic material within a protein coat.

30
Q

Why are viruses not considered alive?

A

They lack many of the characteristics of life (e.g., don’t maintain homeostasis, not made out of cells, aren’t made out of cells, don’t require energy, etc.)

31
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  • Host cell reproduces more viral capsids and enzymes. Viruses leave by bursting or by releasing new viruses that infect more cells (lyse).
  • Active Infection: Infection shows immediate symptoms (1-4 days)
32
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Viral replication cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host cell and remains dormant until triggered to enter the lytic cycle.

33
Q

Retrovirus

A
  • Made of RNA instead of DNA
34
Q

Prions

A

Misfiled protein that causes diseases.

Biology 30 (8 decks)

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