( UNIT 03 ) Domain & Kingdoms & Phylums

Question 1

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 1

• Domain Bacteria
• Domain Archaea
• Domain Eukarya

Question 2

Domain Bacteria

Answer 2

• Prokaryotes
• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Some Aerobic or Anaerobic
• Some Autotrophic , Most Heterotrophic

Question 3

Domain Archaea

Answer 3

• Prokaryotes ( ancient bacteria but more closely related to eukarya )
• Cells walls DON’T contain Peptidoglycan
• Some autotrophic ; Most heterotrophic

Question 4

Domain Eukarya

Answer 4

• Eukaryotes
• Cell Walls vary within each of the 4 kingdoms ( Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia )
• Fungi + Animalia : heterotrophic
• Protista + Plantae : autorophs

Question 5

Briefly describe the three groups of Domain Archaea

Answer 5

(all to the extreme!!!)
- Thermoacidophiles : Hot + Acidic environments
- Halophiles : Salty environments
- Mathanogens : Obligate Anaerobes (can’t live in the presence of oxygen

Question 6

Difference in the cells walls of Domain Bacteria and Archaea ?

Answer 6

Bacteria contains Peptidoglycan; Archaea does not.

Question 7

Plasmid

Answer 7

A small circular piece of DNA found in many Prokaryotes.

Question 8

Capsules

Answer 8

A secreted layer of polysaccharides around the cell walls of prokaryotes that prevent is from drying out or being attacked by white blood cells and antibiotics.

Question 9

Pilli

Answer 9

Hair-like structures made out of protein that help bacteria attach to surfaces.

Question 10

Cocci

Answer 10

Spherical prokaryotes.

Question 11

Bacilli

Answer 11

Rod-shaped prokaryotes.

Question 12

Spirilli

Answer 12

Spiral shaped prokaryotes.

Question 13

List the basic steps of Gram Staining (which stains are used and in what order)?

Answer 13

1. Sterilize inoculation loop
2. Fix slide
   (Add chemicals in this order)
3. Crystal Violet (stains purple)
4. Gram’s Iodine
5. Alcohol Solution
6. Safranin

Question 14

What colour is Gram Positive ?

Answer 14

Purple.

Question 15

What colour is Gram Negative?

Answer 15

Pink.

Question 16

Binary Fission

Answer 16

• Asexual Reproduction
• Cell divides into two genetically identical cells

Question 17

Conjugation

Answer 17

• Sexual Reproduction
• 2 prokaryotes attach and exchange genetic information
• Good to increase genetic diversity

Question 18

Name the 8 different ways Prokaryotes can gain energy.

Answer 18

• Anaerobic
• Obligate Anaerobes
• Facultative Anaerobes
• Obligate Aerobes
• Heterotrophs
• Saprotrophs
• Photoautotrophs
• Chemoautotrophs

Question 19

Anaerobic

Answer 19

Doesn’t use oxygen for growth / metabolism.

Question 20

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 20

Can’t live/grow in the presence of oxygen.

Question 21

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 21

Can grow both in the presence of oxygen or without it.

Question 22

Heterotrophs

Answer 22

Must consume other organisms for food/energy.

Question 23

Saprotrophs

Answer 23

Heterotrophic bacteria; can’t photosynthesize own food.

Question 24

Photoautotrophs

Answer 24

Uses light to produce food for energy.

Question 25

Chemoautotrophs

Answer 25

Doesn’t require light for energy.

Question 26

Endospore

Answer 26

- A structure produced by bacteria due to harsh conditions - Like a dormant cell - When conditions improve endospore grows/germinates into a new bacterial cell

Question 27

How can bacteria be helpful to humans and the environment ?

Answer 27

- Humans : Competes with harmful bacteria to prevent them from causing disease ( E. Coli in us makes vitamin K ) - Environment : Helps ***cycle nutrients*** and ***Nitrogen Fixation***

Question 28

What are 2 ways a bacteria can cause disease?

Answer 28

- **Multiply quick in the site of infection before bodies *defense system* can destroy them** - They can **secrete a toxin/other substances** that might cause harm

Question 29

Describe the structure of a virus.

Answer 29

A non-living **strand of genetic material within a protein coat**.

Question 30

Why are viruses not considered alive?

Answer 30

They lack many of the characteristics of life (e.g., don’t maintain homeostasis, not made out of cells, aren’t made out of cells, don’t require energy, etc.)

Question 31

Lytic cycle

Answer 31

- Host cell reproduces more viral capsids and enzymes. Viruses leave by bursting or by releasing new viruses that infect more cells (lyse). - **Active Infection**: Infection shows immediate symptoms (1-4 days)

Question 32

Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 32

Viral replication cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host cell and **remains dormant until triggered to enter the lytic cycle.**

Question 33

Retrovirus

Answer 33

- Made of RNA instead of DNA

Question 34

Prions

Answer 34

Misfiled protein that causes diseases.