Unit 1 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Arthrokinematics
A
Adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during osteokinematic joint movement
involuntary, but necessary for functional movement to occur
2
Q
Linear Motion
A
Translatory motion occurring in more or less straight light from one location to another
Inside body example: scapula elevation/depression
Outside body example: walking forward, the whole body exhibits linear motion
3
Q
Angular motion
A
Rotary motion, movement of an object around a fixed point (axis)
Inside body example: Knee Flexion
Outside body example: The hands of a clock
4
Q
Osteokinematics
A
Movement that occurs around joint axes and through joint planes.
5
Q
Flexion
A
Bending movement of one bone on another, bringing the two segments together and causing a decrease in the joint angle
6
Q
Extension
A
The straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of the joint angle
7
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Forms the upright parts of the body. Head, thorax, and trunk
8
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
Attaches to the axial skeleton. 126 bones of the extremities. Clavicle is a part of the appendicular
9
Q
Long Bones
A
Largest bones in the body, and make up most of the appendicular skeleton.
(Femur, humerus, radius)
10
Q
Short Bones
A
Have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width, forming a cube shape.
(Carpals and tarsals)
11
Q
Flat Bones
A
Have a broad surface but are not thick. They tend to have a curved surface
(Scapula, sternum, ribs)
12
Q
Irregular Bones
A
Have a variety of mixed shapes that do not fit into other categories.
(Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
13
Q
Sesamoid Bones
A
Resemble shape of sesame seeds. Small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in extremities.
(Patella)
14
Q
Foramen
A
Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
15
Q
Fossa
A
Hollow or Depression
16
Q
Groove
A
Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
17
Q
Meatus
A
Canal or tubelike opening in a bone
18
Q
Sinus
A
Air-filled cavity within a bone
19
Q
Condyle
A
Rounded knuckle-like projection
20
Q
Eminence
A
Projecting, prominent part of bone
21
Q
Facet
A
Flat or shallow articular surface
22
Q
Head
A
rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone
23
Q
Fractures
A
Break in the continuity of the bony cortex described by Type, Direction of Fracture Line, & Position of the bone fragments
24
Q
Osteoporosis
A
A condition characterized by the loss of normal bone density or bone mass
25
Osteomyelitis
- Infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria
- Open fracture (through the skin) has a higher chance of developing Osteomyelitis than a closed fracture (does not break the skin)
26
Legg-Calve Perthes disease
Blood supply is interrupted to the femoral head, causing necrosis of the bone, at the pressure epiphysis in growing children
27
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Head of the femur becomes displaces due to a separation at the growth plate
28
Synarthrosis Joint
Motion: None
Structure: Fibrous-Suture
Example: Bones in the skull, except mandible
29
```
Syndesmosis Joint
(Motion, Structure, Example?)
```
Motion: Slight
Structure: Fibrous- Ligamentus
Example: Distal Tibiofibular
30
```
Gomphosis Joint
(Motion, Structure, Example?)
```
Motion: None
Structure: Little
Example: Teeth in mandible and maxilla
31
```
Amphiarthrosis Joint
(Motion, Structure, Example?)
```
Motion: Little
Structure: Cartilaginous
Example: Symphysis Pubis, Vertebrae
32
```
Diarthrosis Joint
(Motion, Structure, Example?)
```
Motion: Free
Structure: Synovial
Example: Hip, Elbow, Knee
33
Nonaxial Diarthrodial Joint
| Shape(s), motion(s), example?
Shape: Plane (irregular)
Motion: Gliding
Example: Intercarpals
34
Uniaxial Diarthrodial Joint
| Shape(s), motion(s), example?
```
Shape: Hinge
Motion: Flexion/ Xxtension
Example: Elbow, Knee
AND
Shape: Pivot
Motion: Rotation
Example: Atlas/Axis, Radius/Ulna
```
35
Biaxial Diarthrodial Joint
| Shape(s), motion(s), example?
Shape: Condyloid (ellipsoidal)
Motion: Flexion/ Extension, Abduction/ Adduction
Example: Wrist, MPs
AND
Shape: Saddle
Motion: Flexion/ Extension, Abduction/ Adduction, Rotation (accessory)
Example: Thumb CMC
36
Triaxial (mutliaxial) Diarthrodial Joint
| Shape(s), motion(s), example?
Shape: Ball and Socket
Motion: Flexion/ Extension, Abduction/ Adduction, Rotation
Example: Shoulder, Hip
37
Frontal Plane
Passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts, aka coronal plane.
-Used for abduction and adduction
38
Transverse Plane
Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts, aka horizontal plane.
Rotation occurs in this plane.
39
Sagittal Plane
Passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts. Motions occurring are flexion and extension.
40
Sagittal Axis
Passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts.
-Motions occurring are flexion and extension.
41
Frontal Axis
Runs through a joint from side to side
42
Vertical Axis
Runs through a joint from top to bottom
| Longitudinal Axis
43
Which plane and axis does flexion/ extension occur in?
Sagittal Plane, Frontal Axis
44
Which plane and axis does abduction/ adduction, radial/ulnar deviation, eversion/ inversion occur in?
Frontal Plane, Sagittal Axis
45
Which plane and axis does medial-lateral rotation, supination/pronation, right/left rotation, horizontal abduction/ adduction occur in?
Transverse Plane, Vertical Axis
46
Degrees of freedom
The number of planes in which a joint can move. It's significant when pertaining to one or more distal joints. It shows how different joints combine to increase the degrees of freedom and ability to move in various ways.
Example: a uniaxial joint has motion around one axis and in one plane therefore it has one degree of freedom, biaxial has 2, and triaxial has 3
47
Identify the 11 degrees of freedom of the upper extremity
```
Shoulder = 3
Elbow = 1
Radioulnar = 1
Wrist = 2
MCP (metacarpophalangeal joint) = 2
PIP (proximal interphalangeal joints) = 1
DIP (distal interphalangeal joints)= 1
```
48
End Feel
The type of the resistance that a clinician feels when bringing a patient's joint to the end of its passive range of motion, they applying a slight overpressure
(Elbow, hip, knee)
49
Soft End Feel
Occurs when the muscle bulk is compressed. (For example, elbow flexion is limited by the approximation of forearm and arm.)
50
Firm End Feel
Results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and/or muscles and is perceived as a firm stop to the motion with a slight give. (Ex: ankle dorsiflexion)
51
Hard End Feel
Characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on overpressure. (Ex: end range elbow extension as the olecranon process contacts the olecranon fossa.)
52
Component movements
Active
-Small arthrokinematic joint motions that accompany active osteokinematic motion.
(Ex: The head of the humerus glides inferiorly for the shoulder to perform full flexion.)
53
Joint Play
Passive
-Arthrokinematic movement that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates passive motion at the joint.
54
Roll
The rolling of one joint surface on another. New points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion.
(femur rolling on tibia to stand or squat)
55
Glide
A linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface. In other words, one point on a joint surface contracts new points on the adjacent surface(e.g ball and socket joint used in pitching ball
56
Spin
Is the rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface. Essentially the same point on each surface remains in contact with one another
(e.g top spinning on a table)
57
Closed-Packed Position
When the ligaments and capsule holding a joint together are taut. It usually occurs at one extreme of the ROM. For example, if you place your knee in the fully extended position, you can manually move the patella slightly from side to side. However, if you flex your knee, this is NOT possible, therefore the close-packed position of the patellofemoral joint = knee flexion
58
Open-Packed Position
In all other positions, the joint surfaces are incongruent. This is the position of maximum incongruence. Parts of the capsule and ligaments are relaxed and there is minimal congruency with the articular surfaces. Joint mobilization techniques are done in this position because the ligaments and capsular structures are relaxed and joint play is optimized in this position.
59
Traction Force
Causes joint distraction in which the joint surfaces pull apart from one another
(e.g carrying a heavy suitcase or hanging from overhead bar causes "distraction" at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints)
60
Compression Forces
Cause "joint approximation" where the joint surfaces are pushed closer together. (e.g doing a floor push-up causes joint surfaces of the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint to be approximated.
61
Shear Force
Causes a gliding motion in which the joint surfaces move parallel to one another. Causes a glide between the joint surfaces in which the bone ends move parallel to and in opposite directions from each other.
62
Insertion
Movable bone during muscle contraction
63
Origin
Stable bone during muscle contraction
64
Reversal of Muscle Action
The insertion moves towards the origin and can also be reversed where the origin moves towards the insertion.
(E.g. I --> O, biceps flex elbow to drink a glass of water. O → I , during a pull up, biceps still flexes elbow, now the humerus moves towards the forearm)
65
Strap Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
-Parallel Muscle
-Long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle
-Examples:
Sartoris
Rectus Abdominis
Sternocleidomastoid
66
Fusiform Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
-Parallel Muscle
-Spindle Shaped
-Examples:
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
67
Triangular Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
-Parallel Muscle
-Flat and fan-shaped with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other
-Examples:
Pectoralis major
Trapezius
68
Rhomboidal Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
- Parallel Muscle
| - Four-sides, usually flat, with broad attachments at the end
69
Unipennate Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
-Oblique Muscle
-Feather looking
-Examples:
Tibialis posterior
Semimembranosus
Flexor pollicis longus
70
Bipennate Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
-Oblique Muscle
-Common feather looking, fibers attached to a central tendon
-Examples:
Rectus femoris
Dorsal interossei
71
Multipennate Muscle Fiber Arrangement
| and Clinical Significance
-Oblique muscle
-Have many tendons with oblique fibers in between
-Examples:
Deltoids
Subscapularis
72
Parallel muscle fiber arrangement
longer, have a greater potential for shortening and producing more ROM
73
Oblique Muscle Fiber Arrangement
Shorter but more numerous per given area. Greater strength potential but smaller ROM
74
Active (agonist) Insufficiency
- Point at which a muscle can't shorten any further
- Example: The hamstrings cannot perform hip extension and knee flexion simultaneously. This is because the hamstrings do not have enough capacity to shorten over both the hip and over the knee.
75
Passive (antagonist) Insufficiency
- Insufficiency occurs when a multijoint muscle cannot be lengthened any farther without damage to its fibers
- Example: Touching toes. When bending over to touch the toes, the hamstring is stretched over two joints (hip flexion and knee extension) at the same time, and cannot be stretched any farther. To resolve this and increase ROM, flex the knee, thus only lengthening the hamstring over one muscle at a time.
76
Stretching
Produces >ROM to allow for flexibility
77
Tenodesis
- The functional use of passive insufficiency
- Example: A person who is quadriplegic can use this concept of supination and pronation of the forearm to grasp and release objects
78
Open Kinetic Chain
Distal segments are free to move while proximal segments can remain stationary
79
Closed Kinetic Chain
- Distal segments are fixed while proximal segments are free to move
- Examples: Standing up from seated. First, knees extend, causing hips and ankles to move as well. When foot is fixed on the ground, it is impossible to move the knee without causing subsequent movement in the hip and ankle
80
Concurrent Force
-Two or more forces acting on a common point of application but applying force in different directions
-Examples:
Internal:
External:
81
Resultant Force
-Two equal diagonal forces acting on a part of the body.
-Examples:
Internal:
External:
82
Linear Force
Two or more forces are acting along the same line
Examples:
Internal:
External: 2 people pulling a rope attached to an object in the same direction
83
Parallel Force
-Same plane and in the same or opposite direction
-Examples:
Internal:
External:
84
Force Couple
-Two parallel forces acting two different movements
Relation to forces: combination of forces in different directions to produce the same motion
-Examples:
Internal: Scapular rotation: upper trapezius pulls up and in, the lower trapezius pulls down, and the serratus anterior pulls out
External: children pushing a merry-go-round.
85
Torque
- The ability of force to produce rotation around an axis
| - Also, is the amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion
86
Moment arm
Perpendicular distance between the muscle's line of pull and the center of the joint (axis of rotation)
87
Stabilizing force
Nearly all of the force generated by the muscle is directed back into the joint, pulling the two bones back together
88
Angular force
Most of the force generated by the muscle is directed at rotating, not stabilizing, the joint
89
Dislocating force
The point when the muscle is contracting through its ROM and reaches a point beyond 90°, and the force is directed away from the joint
90
Irritability (Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue)
Ability to respond to stimulus. This can be from a natural stimulus from a motor nerve or an artificial stimulus such as from an electrical current.
91
Contractility (Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue)
Muscles ability to contract and produce force when it receives adequate stimulation. This may result in the muscle shortening, staying the same, or lengthening
92
Extensibility (Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue)
Muscles ability to stretch or leg then when force is applied
93
Elasticity (Functional Characteristics of Muscle Tissue)
Muscles ability to recoil or return to normal resting length
94
Tension
Force built up in a muscle
95
Passive tension
Tension applied to load when a muscle is stretched but not stimulated
96
Active Tension
Comes from the contractile units and the force generated can be compared with releasing one end of a stretched rubber band
97
Tone
Is the slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times.
98
Excursion of a Muscle
Distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening
99
Isometric (Muscle Contraction)
Occurs when a muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of a muscle
100
Concentric (Muscle Contraction)
Muscle shortens during the contraction; ex. flexing, picking up a book
101
Eccentric (Muscle Contraction)
Lengthening of muscle during contraction and joint angle changes.
