Unit 1

Question 1

Empirical

Answer 1

knowledge gathered through direct observation or experimentation

Question 2

Non-empirical

Answer 2

knowledge gathered without direct observation or experimentation

Question 3

Non-empiricism ways of knowing

Answer 3

authority and logic

Question 4

authority

Answer 4

believe or know something because some respected person told us that something was true

Question 5

logic

Answer 5

if the first two statements are true (premise statements) than the third (conclusion) must be true
drawing conclusion about the world around us
produce inaccuracies or errors

Question 6

empirical ways of knowing

Answer 6

intuition and science

Question 7

intuition

Answer 7

spontaneous or instinctual conclusion about something that is not based on fact or reasoned mental activity
common sense

Question 8

common sense

Answer 8

informal methods or experience as a way of knowing
differs across time, place and culture
pragmatic or practical

Question 9

science

Answer 9

knowledge through observation
organized and systematic
confident in the truth of our observations performed through the scientific method

Question 10

scientific method steps (6)

Answer 10

1. an idea
2. searching previous research
3. stating problem or hypothesis
4. devising an experience that to solve problem or answer hypothesis
5. collecting and analyzing data
6. drawing conclusions based on data and submitting report for peer-review

Question 11

characteristics of science and scientific method

Answer 11

empirical, objective, open-minded and progressive, skeptical

Question 12

science is empirical

Answer 12

relies on observation, experience, and experimentation

Question 13

science is objective

Answer 13

observe and believe after witnessing some phenomenon

made following a specific set of systematic and controlled or reproducible procedures (scientific method)

Question 14

reliable

Answer 14

people observe the same result given similar procedures
consistent
represent truth

Question 15

valid

Answer 15

measuring what is supposed to be measured

Question 16

objective concepts

Answer 16

precise and unambiguous

specifically and systematically defined and measured

Question 17

science is open-minded and progressive

Answer 17

new information or knowledge is constantly being discover

willingness to accept new and reliable observations as the truth

Question 18

theory

Answer 18

well-defined, logically organized, sets of ideas that describe and explain relationships between certain events
aid in the development of hypotheses

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

specific, testable, and refutable predictions or educated guesses
supported or refuted by the observations gathered (falsifiability)
“how” and “why”

Question 20

science is skeptical

Answer 20

practices critical thinking, reasoned thought, and caution when evaluating any and all aspects of the scientific method
protect against fraudulent claims and knowledge

Question 21

peer review

Answer 21

skeptically evaluate the research looking for major flaws in the theory, methodologies, design, or conclusions
offer suggestions on how the study could be improved

Question 22

goals of science

Answer 22

description, predictions and associations, understanding the causes of behaviour, and explanations of behaviour to promote change

Question 23

description

Answer 23

describe the factors that are thought to be important
clear and representative
defines subject matter
classification and organization

Question 24

nomothetic

Answer 24

broad generalizations and general laws
large number of participants
describing average or typical participant

Question 25

idiographic

Answer 25

focuses more on the individual

Question 26

predictions and associations

Answer 26

associations between the new phenomenon or variable and already described ones

Question 27

variable

Answer 27

precisely described and defined | vary from person to person

Question 28

correlated

Answer 28

two variables are regularly associated | does not imply causation or understanding

Question 29

causes of behaviour

Answer 29

causes that underlie the relationships observed

Question 30

experimental design

Answer 30

high degree of control over the research manipulates one factor at a time to determine the effect of that factor cause and effect conclusions

Question 31

criteria for making a casual claim

Answer 31

``` covariation of cause and effect (cause present effect occurs and vice versa) temporal precedence (order of events - cause must come before the effect) elimination of alternative explanations (plausible explanations for observed effect must be evaluated scientifically and dismissed) ```

Question 32

behaviour to promote change

Answer 32

why the behaviours are occurring and used the information to create change manipulate one or more variables

Question 33

categories of research

Answer 33

basic and applied

Question 34

basic

Answer 34

fundamental structures and processes with the ultimate goal of understanding them advance the general understanding of things does not have practical application scientific goals of description, prediction, and understanding

Question 35

applied

Answer 35

creating change of modifying human behaviour develop knowledge that is directly useful practical in nature conducted to improve quality of life systematically evaluate existing or new programs that occur at some institutional level