unit 1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
what regulates the temperature?
A
hypothalamus
2
Q
range of temperature
A
96.4-99.1F
3
Q
diurnal
A
lower temperature in the morning, higher in the evening
4
Q
hyperthermia can be a sign of?
A
infection, cancer, trauma, endocrine, blood/disorders
5
Q
hypothermia can be sign of?
A
thyroid issues
6
Q
Pulse range
A
regular: 30 sec x2
irregular: 60 sec
7
Q
rate
A
60-100
8
Q
bradycardia
A
slow heart rate; <60bpm
9
Q
tachycardia
A
fast heart rate; >100bpm
10
Q
normal respiration rate
A
12-20
11
Q
things to look for when counting RR’s
A
rhythm, rate, character, regular/irregular
12
Q
Blood Pressure
A
the force of blood against the vessel wall during contraction of the heart & relaxation of the heart
13
Q
Factors that Affect BP
A
cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, volume of circulation blood, viscosity of blood , elasticity of vessels
14
Q
HIGH PVR=
A
HIGH BP
15
Q
HIGH fluid volume=
A
HIGH BP
16
Q
HIGH viscosity
A
HIGH BP
17
Q
HIGH ELASTICITY
A
LOW BP
18
Q
What are factors affecting BP?
A
age, race, gender, time of day, weight, exercise, personality type, stress, pain, caffeine, nicotine, position
19
Q
Sphygmomanometer size
A
too narrow: high BP
too large: low BP
20
Q
Korotkoff Sounds
A
Phase 1- first sound (systolic) Phase 2- softer/absent Phase 3- distinct/louder Phase 4- muffling Phase 5- last sound (diastolic)
21
Q
Auscultatory gap
A
quite/disappearance of sounds
22
Q
Arm Position in BP
A
above heart- low BP
below heart- high BP
23
Q
Types of Pain
A
Visceral- internal organs
Somatic- musculoskeletal
Cutaneous- skin
Referred- pain from another injury ex: heart attack
24
Q
Health Assessment Steps
A
- observation (inspection)
- interview (health hx)
- physical assessment
- draw conclusions (from health hx, assessment, labs, x-rays, etc)
- health promotion (plans and interventions)
25
Health Hx
subjective & objective data
26
Complete or Total interview
brand new pt in clinic, never seen in hospital prior
27
Episodic or problem centered
established pt. going to see their provider (ex: for a cold)
28
Follow Up
with primary provider about an issue
29
Emergency
sports accident, MVA; only focused on how to keep pt alive
30
Components of a Health Hx
Biographic Data: sex, gender, language, religion, living situation
Source of Hx: who is providing the info?
Reason for seeking care?: "what has brought you in today?"
Hx of Present Illness (HPI): pts version of events leading to what brought them in
Family Hx: causes of deaths/illnesses
Review of Systems: head to toe assessment
Functional Assessment: measures self care/ ADL's
31
OLDCART
```
O: onset
L: location
D: duration
C: characteristics
A: aggravating/ alleviating factors
R: relieving factors
T: timing
S: severity
```
32
Skin Layers
epidermis: 1st layer- contains melanocytes
dermis: 2nd layer- inner supportive layer, connective tissue, makes skin durable, nerves and sensory blood
subcutaneous: 3rd layer- fatty later, cushion, energy
33
Skin Functions
- protection
- perception
- temperature regulation
- communication
- wound repair
- absorption, excretion
- production of vitamin D
34
ROS- skin
dryness, itching, rashes, bruising, lesions, moles, excessive perspiration
35
ROS- hair
hair loss, excess hair, texture change, scalp issues
36
ROS- nails
biting, splitting, pitting, thickening, clubbing
37
Pustule
elevated, superficial lesion filled with purulent fluid
| ex: zit
38
Macule
flat, defined area & edges, often in one location; size is less than 1cm (ex: freckle, flat mole)
39
Papule
elevated, firm, defined area, less than 1/2 cm (ex: elevated mole, wart)
40
Vesicle
elevated, fluid filled (serous), less than 1/2 cm (ex: blister, chicken pox, burns)
41
Scar
made of fibrous tissue
42
Ulcer
loss of epidermis, dermis layers (ex: pressure ulcer)
43
Fissure
linear crack in skin vary in size and location (ex: callused heels)
44
Petechiae
small red/maroon "dots"
| -often due to popped B.V's due to pressure or friction
45
Ecchymosis
bruise
46
Purpura
mix of petechiae and ecchymosis
| - bleeding disorders, fragile capillaries or skin
47
Mongolian Spots
hyperpigmentation, often in children that are black, hispanic or asian
48
Cherry Angiomas
bright red spots, get more as you age
49
Striae
stretch marks
50
Skin & Aging
- less skin elasticity
- loss of subq layer
- facial hair in women
- balding in men
- seborrheic keratosis
- senile lentigines (age spots)
51
Glasgow Coma Scale Descriptors
alert, lethargic, obtunded, stupor, coma
52
Life Span Assessments- Infants
breastfed vs. formula- differences in how quickly a child gains weight, stools, swallowing and latching
ex: tongue tied, cleft lip
53
How many lobes are on the right side?
3 lobes
54
What is the tope of the lung called?
Apex
55
What is the bottom of the lung called?
Base
56
Where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?
alveoli
57
For inspiration, does the diaphragm descend or rise?
descend
58
For inspiration do the external intercostals contract or relax?
contract
59
For inspiration does the thorax expand or contract?
expand
60
For inspiration does the negative pressure increase or decrease?
increase
61
what do you look for on inspection of the respiratory system
```
symmetry, expansion, ease of movement, labored
pattern of breath
depth of breath
rate of breath
noise
```
62
what are normal breath sounds?
regular and comfortable rate; 12-20
63
what are bradypnea breath sound?
slower than 12 breaths per minute
64
what are tachypnea breath sounds?
faster than 20 breaths per minute
65
What are cheyne-stokes breath sounds?
varying periods of increasing depth with apnea
66
What are Kussmaul breath sounds?
rapid, deep, labored
| - associated with metabolic acidosis, breathe off Co2, air hungry
67
What is dyspnea
SOB
68
What is stridor breath sounds?
low pitched "crowing" sounds- often an airway obstruction
69
What is a barrel chest?
1: 1- chronic respiratory conditions; COPD, emphysema
| - chronic overinflation of air
70
What is a pigeon chest?
convex sternum
- malformation in the utero
- screen pt for internal deformities
71
What is a Funnel Chest?
concave in the stream
- malformation in the utero
- screen pt for internal deformities
72
What to check for upon palpation during respiratory check
lesions, tenderness, temperature, rib instability
73
What is air trapped in the subcutaneous tissue?
crepitus
74
what does crepitus sound like?
rice crispies
75
What are causes of crepitus?
air leaking from the lungs, pneumothorax, collapsed lung, chest tube w air leak, procedure/injury to chest cavity
76
What is the costal angle?
where the ribs meet the sternum
77
How do you perform respiratory excursion?
stand behind the pt, make a "w" with your hands, have pt take a deep breath in and out
78
What do you look for on respiratory excursion?
symmetrical chest expansion
79
in tactile fremitus, what does decreased vibrations mean?
extra air
80
in tactile fremitus, what does increased vibrations mean?
areas of consolidation; swelling, abscess, mass, tumor, pneumonia
81
How do you perform tactile fremitus?
lay hands flat on posterior chest, have the pt say "99" every time you move your hand down their back
- 3 down
- 1 lateral
82
In percussion, what creates flat sounds?
bone
83
In percussion, what creates dull sounds?
organs
84
Where do you hear resonance during percussion?
tops of shoulder, around the spine
85
What sequence do you move in for percussion and auscultation of the lungs/chest?
across and down, 5 times
86
Where do you hear bronchial sounds?
upper airway
87
What do bronchial breaths sound like?
harsh, loud, high pitched
88
Where do you hear bronchovesicular sounds?
middle airway
89
What do bronchovesicular breaths sound like?
medium pitch & loudness
90
Where do you hear vesicular breath sounds?
peripheral lung fields, and bottom
91
What do vesicular breaths sound like?
soft, quite, low-pitched
92
What abnormal breath sound is described as musical?
wheezes
93
What abnormal breath sound is described as loud snoring?
ronchi
94
What abnormal breath sound is described as a bubbling sound?
crackles/rales
95
What abnormal breath sound is described as a dry rubbing sound?
pleural friction rub
96
For bronchophony, what do you have the pt. say?
"99"
97
For egophony, what do you have the pt. say?
"ee-ee-ee"
98
For whispered voice pectorilgoquy, what do you have the pt. say?
whisper- "1-2-3"
99
What is abnormal for bronchoscopy?
clear "99"
100
What is abnormal for egophony?
"aa"
101
What is abnormal for whispered voice pectorilgoquy?
clear "1-2-3"
102
What are S&S of emphysema?
decreased breathe sounds, decreased voice resonance, barrel chest, skinny arm & legs; big chest, pursed lip breathing
103
What are S&S of pneumonia?
crackles, increased voice resonance, tachypnea, "thick" sounding
104
What are S&S of asthma?
wheezing, SOB, coughing
105
What are S&S of a pneumothorax?
diminished or absent breath sounds unilaterally, respiratory distress
106
What is fluid in the lungs?
infiltrate
107
What is effusion in the lungs?
fluid pocket; usually seen at the base of the lungs
