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unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of Structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

The Study of function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Ways to examine structure of human body

A
  1. Inspection
  2. Palpation
  3. Auscultation
  4. Percussion
  5. Dissection
  6. Exploratory Surgery
  7. Medical Imaging
  8. Histology
  9. Histopathology
  10. Cytology
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4
Q

Comparative Physiology

A

the study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction

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5
Q

Inspection

A

Looking at body’s appearance

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6
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands

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7
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body

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8
Q

Percussion

A

the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities

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9
Q

Histopathology

A

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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10
Q

Hippocrates

A

the father of medicine

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11
Q

Claudius Galen

A

wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era

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12
Q

William Harvey and Michael Servetus

A

the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again

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13
Q

Robert Hooke

A

designed scientific instruments of various kinds, including the compound microscope.

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14
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

invented a simple (single-lens) microscope

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15
Q

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells

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16
Q

inductive method

A

a process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess

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18
Q

Sample Size

A

number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study

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19
Q

Placebo

A

a substance with no significant physiological effect on the body

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20
Q

Fact

A

information that can be independently verified

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21
Q

Law of nature

A

generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave

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22
Q

Theory

A

an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

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23
Q

Evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

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24
Q

natural selection

A

individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors—for example, better camouflage, disease resistance, or ability to attract mates—that enable them to produce more offspring

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25
selection pressures
climate, predators, disease, competition, and food
26
Adaptation
features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to these selection pressures and enable an organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.
27
Organism
composed of organ systems
28
Organ system
group of organs with a unique collective function
29
Organs
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
30
tissues
mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.
31
cells
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life;
32
organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
33
molecules
composed of atoms
34
Types of tissue
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
35
Reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
36
Holism
theory that there are “emergent properties” of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts—human beings are more than the sum of their parts.
37
properties that help to distinguish living from nonliving things
1. Organization 2. Cellular composition 3. Metabolism 4. Responsiveness and movement 5. Homeostasis 6. Development 7. Reproduction 8. Evolution
38
Differentiation
transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task
39
Homeostasis
he body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
40
negative feedback
a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it.
41
negative feedback
key mechanism for maintaining health
42
example of negative feedback
regulation of blood glucose
43
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels.
44
Receptor
a structure that senses a change in the body
45
integrating center
mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information (for example, comparing what the blood pressure is with what it should be), and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be.
46
effector
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
47
Positive feedback
a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
48
Gradient
difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another
49
prone
lying down
50
supine
lying face up
51
sagittal plane
passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions
52
median (midsagittal) plane
sagittal plane that divides the body or organ into equal halves
53
frontal (coronal) plane
extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
54
transverse plane
passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
55
ventral
toward the front
56
dorsal
toward back or spine
57
anterior
toward ventral side
58
posterior
toward dorsal side
59
Systems of protection, support, and movement
Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system
60
Systems of internal communication and control
Nervous system Endocrine system
61
Systems of fluid transport
Circulatory system Lymphatic system
62
Systems of intake and output
Respiratory system Urinary system Digestive system
63
Systems of reproduction
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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