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Research Methods and Statistical Analysis PSYCH 350 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

____ of psychological knowledge are often called researchers

A

Producers

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2
Q

____ of psychological knowledge are often called practitioners

A

Consumers

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3
Q

____ involves detailing characteristics or behaviors of interest

A

Description

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4
Q

____ involves demonstrating that characteristics or behaviors are related to each other

A

Prediction

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5
Q

____ involves establishing that changes in one characteristic or behavior leads to changes in another.

A

Understanding

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6
Q

Intuition, authority, rational induction, and empiricism are each a useful source of ____

A

Hypotheses

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7
Q

but only the latter is an accepted source of ____

A

Knowledge

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8
Q

____ hypotheses are related to descriptive knowledge

A

Attributive

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9
Q

____ hypotheses to predictive knowledge

A

Associative

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10
Q

____ hypotheses to understanding

A

Casual

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11
Q

____ hypotheses are about the description of characteristics or behaviors

A

Attributive

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12
Q

____ hypotheses are about the statistical relationships between characteristics or behaviors

A

Associative

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13
Q

____ hypotheses are about how characteristics or behaviors influence each other.

A

Casual

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14
Q

____ comes only from rational induction

A

Proof

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15
Q

while ____ comes from empirical research

A

Probabilistic Conclusion

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16
Q

Applications of the Research Loop involve ____ studies of new research hypotheses

A

Initial

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17
Q

____ studies of previous research to test the reproducibility of previous research findings

A

Replication

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18
Q

____ studies to test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings.

A

Convergent

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19
Q

The ____ approach is based on the idea that one properly completed study will give us reliable and correct knowledge

A

Critical Experiment

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20
Q

While the ____ approach is based on the idea that reliable and correct knowledge is only obtained from repeating the exact and similar studies to find a pattern of consistent findings.

A

Converging Operations

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21
Q

____ validity is about causal interpretability

A

Internal

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22
Q

____ validity is about generalizability

A

External

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23
Q

____ validity is about proper representation of characteristics or behaviors with our data

A

Measurement

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24
Q

____ validity is about correctly deciding whether or not two characteristics or behaviors are related.

A

Statistical

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25
Q

____ is the component of external validity related to who is in the study

A

Population

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26
Q

____ is the component related to where the study is conducted

A

Setting

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27
Q

____ is the component related to what participants do and interact with during the study

A

Task/Stimulus

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28
Q

____ is the component related to when the study is conducted

A

Societal/Temporal

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29
Q

A ____ sample “looks like” the target population

A

Representative

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30
Q

A ____ sample is one procedure used to obtain this goal.

A

Random

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31
Q

A ____ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to all members of the target population

A

Complete Population

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32
Q

A ____ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to individuals who are expected to represent the target population

A

Purposive

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33
Q

Each member of a ____ selected sample is individually chosen from the sampling frame and approached to participate in the research

A

Researcher

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34
Q

Those of a ____ selected sample respond to a general invitation to the sampling frame.

A

Self

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35
Q

In a ____ sampling plan each member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection

A

Simple

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36
Q

In a ____ sampling plan each member of a given subsection of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection.

A

Stratified

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37
Q

A ____ includes all members of the group(s) to which the researcher would like to generalize the results of the research

A

Population

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38
Q

A ____ is a list or access process for the group(s).

A

Sampling Frame

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39
Q

The ____ sample incudes all those selected to complete a study

A

Selected

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40
Q

The ____ sample includes all those who actually complete participation in the study.

A

Data

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41
Q

____ is when the results from a study tell us about a broad range or populations, settings, task/stimuli and societal/temporal possibilities

A

Generalizability

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42
Q

____ is when the results from a study tells us about a specific combination of population, setting, task/stimuli and societal/temporal event.

A

Applicability

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43
Q

Population, setting, task/stimulus and societal/temporal are the components of ____

A

External Validity

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44
Q

Initial equivalence and ongoing equivalence are the components of ____

A

Internal Validity

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45
Q

____ is about generalizability

A

External Validity

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46
Q

____ is about causal interpretability

A

Internal Validity

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47
Q

All participants have the same value of a ____

A

Constant

48
Q

Participants’ different characteristics or behaviors lead them to have different values of ____

A

Measure Variable

49
Q

differential treatment of participants leads to their having different values of ____

A

Manipulated Variable

50
Q

The ____ is intended to have an influence on the DV

A

Causal Variable

51
Q

A ____ is an unwanted influence that eliminates causal interpretability of the results.

A

Confounding Variable

52
Q

A ____ is not a confound because all participants have the same value on this characteristic

A

Control Constant

53
Q

A ____ isn’t a confound because members of the different treatments have the same average value on this characteristic

A

Control Variable

54
Q

____ is accomplished when all subject variable are controlled

A

Initial Equivalence

55
Q

____ is accomplished when all procedural variable are controlled.

A

Ongoing Equivalence

56
Q

____ are measured

A

Subject Variables

57
Q

____ are manipulated

A

Procedural Variables

58
Q

We use ____ procedures to ensure that the participants will not know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study

A

Single Blind

59
Q

We use ____ procedures ensure that neither the participants nor the data coders will know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study

A

Double Blind

60
Q

We randomly assign participants to procedural conditions to help control ____

A

Initial Equivalence

61
Q

We randomly assign them to IV conditions to help control ____

A

Ongoing Equivalence

62
Q

We randomly assign participants to IV conditions to help control ____

A

Ongoing Equivalence

63
Q

we randomly assign them procedural conditions to help control RA to control ____

A

Initial Equivalence

64
Q

A ____ involves a single treatment or condition

A

Demonstration

65
Q

____ involves at least two treatments or conditions.

A

Comparison

66
Q

A ____ can never be an experiment

A

Demonstration

67
Q

A ____ can be an experiment, if it is properly conducted.

A

Comparison

68
Q

A ____ involves random assignment of participants and manipulation of the causal variable

A

True Experiment

69
Q

A ____ may have manipulation of the causal variable, but never involves random assignment of participants

A

Non- Experiment

70
Q

Data from a properly conducted from ____ can be causally interpreted

A

True Experiment

71
Q

Data from a ____ can never be causally interpreted.

A

Non- Experiment

72
Q

The ____ is the causal variable

A

Independent Variable

73
Q

The ____ is the effect variable.

A

Dependent Variable

74
Q

The ____ is sometimes measured and sometimes manipulated

A

Independent Variable

75
Q

The ____ is always measured

A

Dependent Variable

76
Q

____ designs have different participants in each condition

A

Between Groups

77
Q

____ designs have the same participants in all conditions.

A

Within Groups

78
Q

____ designs are also called cross-sectional designs

A

Between groups

79
Q

____ designs are also called longitudinal or repeated-measures designs

A

Within groups

80
Q

Scoring a/an ____ item requires no judgment

A

Objective

81
Q

Scoring a/an ____ item does requires making a judgment.

A

Subjective

82
Q

____ standardization has to do with giving the scale or test the same way each time

A

Administration

83
Q

____ standardization has to do with grading the scale of test the same way each time.

A

Scoring

84
Q

____ reliability has to do with the consistency of the items making up the scale

A

Internal Reliability

85
Q

____ reliability has to do with getting the same score from two different versions of a test or scale.

A

Test-retest Reliabilty

86
Q

____ validity is evaluated by members of the target audience

A

Face Validity

87
Q

____ validity is evaluated by experts familiar with the construct being measures.

A

Content Validity

88
Q

____ validity is evaluated by relating the scale or test to a specific criterion with which it should be correlated

A

Criterion Related Validity

89
Q

____ validity is evaluated by relating the scale or test to several other measures some of which it should be correlated with and some of which it should not be correlated.

A

Construct Validity

90
Q

____ validity asks if a measure taken now can estimate the score on another measure that will be taken in the future

A

Predictive Validity

91
Q

____ validity asks if a measure taken now can estimate the score on another measure also taken now.

A

Concurrent Validity

92
Q

____ is used to prepare “backwards items” so that they can be aggregated into a composite score.

A

Reverse Keying

93
Q

____ data collection usually involves interviews or questionnaires

A

Self-Report

94
Q

____ data collection usually involves video cameras or field notes.

A

Observational

95
Q

____ research is based on self-report data

A

Survey Research

96
Q

____ research is based on observational data

A

Observational Research

97
Q

A ____ setting is the most controlled

A

Laboratory Setting

98
Q

A ____ setting is a mock-up of the participant’s natural environment

A

Structured Setting

99
Q

A ____ setting is the participant’s natural environment.

A

Field Setting

100
Q

____ interviews involve questioning one participant at a time face-to-face

A

Personal

101
Q

____ interviews are sent to the participants who (hopefully) completes and returns the interview to the researcher

A

Mail

102
Q

____ interviews involve bothering potential participants during dinner or intimate moments (just kidding)

A

Phone

103
Q

____ interviews involve getting data from a few to a few hundred participants simultaneously

A

Group Self-Report

104
Q

During ____ observation the observer is completely hidden from the participants

A

Naturalistic

105
Q

During ____ observation the observer appears to be one of the participants

A

Disguised Participant

106
Q

During ____ observation the observer is neither hidden nor pretending to be one of the participants

A

Undisguised Participant

107
Q

____ occurs when participants don’t respond honestly to questions because they know their answers are being recorded

A

Response Bias

108
Q

____ occurs when participants behave differently because they know they are being observed

A

Reactivity

109
Q

____ expectancy effects can only be prevented by double-blind designs

A

Experimenter

110
Q

____ expectancy effects can be prevented by single-blind designs

A

Participant

111
Q

____ expectancy effects occur when data collectors or data coders influence the results of the research, usually to be more in line with their research hypotheses

A

Experimenter

112
Q

____ expectancy effect occur when participants respond “as they think they should”

A

Participant

113
Q

____ bias is a potential problem of observational data collection

A

Reactivity

114
Q

____ bias is a potential problem with self-report

A

Response

115
Q

____ bias happens with the data recorder or data coder in a study using observational data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis)

A

Observer

116
Q

____ bias happens when the data recorder or data coder in a study using self-report data collection methods influences the data (usually by making it better fit their research hypothesis).

A

Interviewer

Research Methods and Statistical Analysis PSYCH 350 (1 decks)

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