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AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

structuralism

A

to study consciousness-how elements of the mind are organized and related to each other

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2
Q

functionalism

A

how consciousness (like thoughts and feelings) helps people adapt to their environments

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3
Q

how do genes(human biology) vs environmental factors contribute to a person well being

A

nature vs. nurture

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4
Q

psychophysics

A

the relationship between physical stimuli and how it’s transmitted into psychological experience

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5
Q

phrenology

A

the study of the shape and size of the cranium as an indication of character and mental abilities

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6
Q

introspection

A

the act of looking into one’s own thoughts and feelings think the mindset

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7
Q

behavioral

A

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.

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8
Q

psychodynamic

A

believed all behavior and mental processes are directed by the unconscious mind, think past experiences

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9
Q

humanistic

A

human growth potential, self-concept, free will, self-actualization, self-esteem, making yourself a better person

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10
Q

evolutionary

A

how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes, how genes cause you to act a certain way, reproductive success

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11
Q

biological

A

the perspective that stresses links between biology and behavior, neuroscience(blood, neurotransmitters), how the brain and body physically create emotion

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12
Q

cognitive

A

how we take in, store and retrieve info, how perceptions influence our actions to think thinking, rationalizing, interpretation

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13
Q

biopsychosocial

A

the integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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14
Q

social cultural

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking, the study of groups

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15
Q

biological psychologists

A

analyzes the connection between the mind and body

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16
Q

clinical psychologists

A

the study, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders

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17
Q

counseling

A

helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges

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18
Q

educational

A

has expertise in problems of teaching and learning

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19
Q

developmental

A

studies how behavior and mental processes change over a life span (birth to death)

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20
Q

experimental psychology

A

the branch of psychology is concerned with testing theories of human thoughts, feelings, and actions

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21
Q

personality

A

investigates our persistent traits

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22
Q

industrial-organizational

A

a subfield of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior

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23
Q

explores the ways in which people influence each other

A

social

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24
Q

emphasizes focus on positive events and influences in life

A

positive

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25
Q

an investigation where a hypothesis is tested, tests predicted relationships in a controlled environment, can show causation, can be expensive and long

A

experiments

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26
Q

looks at the relationship between two variables to see if they are related, a researcher does not alter any variables

A

correlation studies

27
Q

data collection tool used to collect information, cannot determine causation

A

survey

28
Q

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o manipulating/controlling the situation, does not show causation

A

naturalistic observation

29
Q

examines one individual or group in depth, in hope of revealing things, does not show causations

A

case studies

30
Q

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

longitudinal studies

31
Q

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

cross-sectional study

32
Q

a procedure used to define research variables

A

operational definitions

33
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated; is the variable whose effect is being studied.

A

independent variables

34
Q

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

A

dependent variable

35
Q

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

confounding variable

36
Q

the variable that is kept constant through the experiment

A

control variable

37
Q

the group in an experiment who receives the variable being tested

A

experimental group

38
Q

the group in the experiment that does not receive the variable being tested

A

control group

39
Q

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

hypothesis

40
Q

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

validity

41
Q

consistency of measure

A

reliability

42
Q

part of a population

A

sample

43
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples might be drawn

A

population

44
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

A

random assignment

45
Q

method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected

A

random sample

46
Q

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

A

random selection

47
Q

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

A

double-blind procedure

48
Q

study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

A

single-blind procedure

49
Q

the improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

A

placebo effect

50
Q

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable

A

causation

51
Q

American advocate on behalf of the mentally ill, created first mental asylums during the Civil war

A

Dorthea Dix

52
Q

the german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened the first psychology research laboratory in 1879 in Germany

A

Wilhelm Wundt

53
Q

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment, and created the first distinctly American school of psychology

A

William James

54
Q

founder of Gestalt psychology - consciousness was best understood by observing the whole experience, “the whole is greater than the sum of its part”

A

Max Wertheimer

55
Q

first to focus on abnormal behaviors, created psychoanalysis which believed all behavior and mental processes are directed by unconscious forces

A

Sigmund Freud

56
Q

J.B Watson and B.F Skinner

A

founders of behaviorism which believed that psychology should only study what could be observed and measured objectively, external factors shape behaviorsJ.B Watson and B.F Skinner

57
Q

correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

58
Q

hindsight bias

A

understanding of a situation after an event happened, someone saying “I knew it” after an event

59
Q

mean

A

the measure of central tendency, the average of a set of numbers

60
Q

median

A

the measure of central tendency, the middle of a set when placed in ascending order

61
Q

mode

A

the number that occurs the most in a set

62
Q

range

A

variation, the difference between the highest and the lowest in a set of numbers

63
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

64
Q

standard deviation percents

A

68% will fall within 1 standard deviation, 95% will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, 99% will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean

AP Psych (1 decks)

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