Unit 1

Question 1

structuralism

Answer 1

to study consciousness-how elements of the mind are organized and related to each other

Question 2

functionalism

Answer 2

how consciousness (like thoughts and feelings) helps people adapt to their environments

Question 3

how do genes(human biology) vs environmental factors contribute to a person well being

Answer 3

nature vs. nurture

Question 4

psychophysics

Answer 4

the relationship between physical stimuli and how it’s transmitted into psychological experience

Question 5

phrenology

Answer 5

the study of the shape and size of the cranium as an indication of character and mental abilities

Question 6

introspection

Answer 6

the act of looking into one’s own thoughts and feelings think the mindset

Question 7

behavioral

Answer 7

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.

Question 8

psychodynamic

Answer 8

believed all behavior and mental processes are directed by the unconscious mind, think past experiences

Question 9

humanistic

Answer 9

human growth potential, self-concept, free will, self-actualization, self-esteem, making yourself a better person

Question 10

evolutionary

Answer 10

how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes, how genes cause you to act a certain way, reproductive success

Question 11

biological

Answer 11

the perspective that stresses links between biology and behavior, neuroscience(blood, neurotransmitters), how the brain and body physically create emotion

Question 12

cognitive

Answer 12

how we take in, store and retrieve info, how perceptions influence our actions to think thinking, rationalizing, interpretation

Question 13

biopsychosocial

Answer 13

the integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Question 14

social cultural

Answer 14

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking, the study of groups

Question 15

biological psychologists

Answer 15

analyzes the connection between the mind and body

Question 16

clinical psychologists

Answer 16

the study, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders

Question 17

counseling

Answer 17

helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges

Question 18

educational

Answer 18

has expertise in problems of teaching and learning

Question 19

developmental

Answer 19

studies how behavior and mental processes change over a life span (birth to death)

Question 20

experimental psychology

Answer 20

the branch of psychology is concerned with testing theories of human thoughts, feelings, and actions

Question 21

personality

Answer 21

investigates our persistent traits

Question 22

industrial-organizational

Answer 22

a subfield of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior

Question 23

explores the ways in which people influence each other

Answer 23

social

Question 24

emphasizes focus on positive events and influences in life

Answer 24

positive

Question 25

an investigation where a hypothesis is tested, tests predicted relationships in a controlled environment, can show causation, can be expensive and long

Answer 25

experiments

Question 26

looks at the relationship between two variables to see if they are related, a researcher does not alter any variables

Answer 26

correlation studies

Question 27

data collection tool used to collect information, cannot determine causation

Answer 27

survey

Question 28

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o manipulating/controlling the situation, does not show causation

Answer 28

naturalistic observation

Question 29

examines one individual or group in depth, in hope of revealing things, does not show causations

Answer 29

case studies

Question 30

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 30

longitudinal studies

Question 31

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 31

cross-sectional study

Question 32

a procedure used to define research variables

Answer 32

operational definitions

Question 33

The experimental factor that is manipulated; is the variable whose effect is being studied.

Answer 33

independent variables

Question 34

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Answer 34

dependent variable

Question 35

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

Answer 35

confounding variable

Question 36

the variable that is kept constant through the experiment

Answer 36

control variable

Question 37

the group in an experiment who receives the variable being tested

Answer 37

experimental group

Question 38

the group in the experiment that does not receive the variable being tested

Answer 38

control group

Question 39

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 39

hypothesis

Question 40

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 40

validity

Question 41

consistency of measure

Answer 41

reliability

Question 42

part of a population

Answer 42

sample

Question 43

all those in a group being studied, from which samples might be drawn

Answer 43

population

Question 44

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

Answer 44

random assignment

Question 45

method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected

Answer 45

random sample

Question 46

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

Answer 46

random selection

Question 47

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

Answer 47

double-blind procedure

Question 48

study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group

Answer 48

single-blind procedure

Question 49

the improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

Answer 49

placebo effect

Question 50

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable

Answer 50

causation

Question 51

American advocate on behalf of the mentally ill, created first mental asylums during the Civil war

Answer 51

Dorthea Dix

Question 52

the german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened the first psychology research laboratory in 1879 in Germany

Answer 52

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 53

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment, and created the first distinctly American school of psychology

Answer 53

William James

Question 54

founder of Gestalt psychology - consciousness was best understood by observing the whole experience, "the whole is greater than the sum of its part"

Answer 54

Max Wertheimer

Question 55

first to focus on abnormal behaviors, created psychoanalysis which believed all behavior and mental processes are directed by unconscious forces

Answer 55

Sigmund Freud

Question 56

J.B Watson and B.F Skinner

Answer 56

founders of behaviorism which believed that psychology should only study what could be observed and measured objectively, external factors shape behaviorsJ.B Watson and B.F Skinner

Question 57

correlation

Answer 57

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 58

hindsight bias

Answer 58

understanding of a situation after an event happened, someone saying "I knew it" after an event

Question 59

mean

Answer 59

the measure of central tendency, the average of a set of numbers

Question 60

median

Answer 60

the measure of central tendency, the middle of a set when placed in ascending order

Question 61

mode

Answer 61

the number that occurs the most in a set

Question 62

range

Answer 62

variation, the difference between the highest and the lowest in a set of numbers

Question 63

standard deviation

Answer 63

a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

Question 64

standard deviation percents

Answer 64

68% will fall within 1 standard deviation, 95% will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean, 99% will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean