Unit 1 Flashcards

Question

Discuss evidence that covert speech is a diminutive form of speech.

Answer 1

Mumble/inner, tiny or short If thinking, was different than Ouvert speech, stimulation, probably wouldn’t interfere with both ie: Magnetic stimulation to the area of the brain involved in language interfered with overt and Covert Stroke interferes with ability to speak to others and herself, Neuroanatomist.

Answer 2

They are not a behaviour nor a thought. Oxymoron. ie: Brains routine activities like salivary glands or liver

Answer 3

Physical changes in environment. … Air pressure = sound Light waves = sights Fragrance of a rose (sig. Beyond physical properties. Remind us of someone) but their physical properties to find … A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting BEHAVIOUR

Answer 4

A change in the environment… Learning is due to experience, thus learning is a change in behaviour due to changes in the environment

Answer 5

But no. Not if due to drugs, injury, aging, disease Tranquilizer x= learn to be calm Agreeable ppl + head injury = argumentative Relating to natural selection, no change in environment, no change in species. For learning, no change in environment, no change in behaviour

Answer 6

Habituation involves a DECREASE in the probability or intensity of a response…as a result of repeatedly invoking the response Loud loses affect cars, measured in EEG Noise = HR baby/fetus

Answer 7

The rate of habituation depends on: Intensity Variations Number of times it happens Intervals between repeated

Answer 8

Heredity versus learning,in determining behaviour. … Create an artificial division Cats and Rats - Kuo (29) Aggression in humans - Wilson: Most violent comes from genetics and learning. Aboriginal African murder rate With competition for resources, Semai fighting gorillas

Answer 9

Hart & Risley: Study of children’s home environments (29) -Race and socioeconomic held constant -More verbal exchange, higher on intelligence tests

Answer 10

Be measured

Answer 11

Their mothers kill rats

Answer 12

Natural selection, which modifies characteristics of the species, including behaviour Learning, which modifies the behaviour of the individual

Answer 13

Huxleys “strikes at the heart of what it means to be a scientist, especially a behavioural scientists. The ability to be guided by one’s observations above all else is essential. Do not look for an explanation of behaviour inside the mind. Use the natural science approach. Learning is a natural phenomenon and can, and must be accounted for like any other natural phenomenon

Answer 14

fundamental principle of science. The simplest explanation The fewer assumptions [unverified events] required by an explanation, the better. ie: geocentric vs. Heliocentric theory (sun. current) Scientists accept explanation of behaviour that rely on hyp event - Take place in mind. Freud’s Thanatos - Unconscious drive towards self destruction. Law of parsimony says that if hereditary and environmental events, are explained by observed natural phenomenon, there’s no point in speculating about the conscious or unconscious mind.

Answer 15

Changes in: 1) qty of errors: ie: rat maze, spelling list 2) topography: The form the behaviour takes. ie: Mirror, tracing, fish, movement 3) intensity: ie: rat lever, dog bark volume 4) speed: ie: rat maze, recite ABCs, surgeon, table manners 5) latency: ie: dog salivation, x-table, avoid snap judgements (vs) 6) rate or frequency: shows subtle changes. Cumulative recorder > computers ie: pigeon pecking, decoding Morse code, musician slowing (vs) 7) Fluency: errors + rate (correct per min) ie: math score 10/12 = 10/min *need original ie

Answer 16

1st or 2nd hand personal experience. Often "in my experience" "they say that". Maybe specific, number of errors made. 'It’s foolish [but what other options? selecting a marriage partner] Provide useful leads and popular wisdom. Not always wrong, Need better evidence I.e. Whole language is ineffective, but one person's experience of that is just an Anecdote vs Particular individual inconsiderable detail, rather than casual Observation. Better because it's more systematic. Used in medicine and economists. Schools with good results

Answer 17

Often interviews or questionnaires Analyze data from many cases + Reduce the risk of Over generalization Statistical analysis looks at reliable differences between groups - Superficial [case study advocates] May suggest hypotheses to explain a phenomenon, but cannot test them [determine cause-and-effect]

Answer 18

1) manipulated 2) varies freely In learning: change in environment effect on behaviour Mad minutes with paper or Q cards, results Note: controlled variable Non-experiment

Answer 19

Compares the responses of different groups of people under different conditions [independent variable] Experimental group is exposed to a anticipated aggression producing experience. Control group is not AKA between group or group designs May use multiple groups. MembersCan be tested individually. Validity of this assumption rests on the extent of which the participants Being compared are alike Random assignment~ More people equals Less differences Match sampling

Answer 20

Involves comparing responses made by the same subject or group under different conditions. The same subjects received different values of the independent variable at different periods of time during the experiment. Baseline Period (A) Tx period (B) Return to baseline (A) ABA = Return to baseline and retast to ensure no outside factors influence the results, in the same study. More convincing when replicated, large numbers not required. Statistical analysis not required usually

Answer 21

Number of participants used Use of statistics How extraneous differences among participants are controlled - BS: Random assignment and matching [differences even out] - WS: Participants against themselves [differences irrelevant]

Answer 22

Artificial environment= artificial view Simple independent variable = simple behaviour (Control = better results, easier to interpret) …. Add Field experiences to test lab results. Rats maze. Rats wild. Student learning, lab, class.

Answer 23

1) Control over the influence of heredity [Sourced from research supply companies] Human twin studies are OK, less identical than we think, can’t rely on them for all research on behaviour 2) Able to control the participants learning history 3) Ethical reasonings (depression, aggression)

Answer 24

1)* most common: Results tell us nothing about people Valid? Researchers are aware of differences but usually similar. Rat experiments must be confirmed by descriptive or experimental studies in people. Usually right. 2) no practical value Counter: Often answer, esoteric, theoretical questions, often have practical value. Humane animal treatment/training. 3) intrinsically unethical Counter: True. Ie: Chimpanzee 98% human genes. Eat? Ride/jump horses? Animal workers/pets. Not beaten, teased, hot car, no, Vet, abandoned, living quarters

Answer 25

1) Work for food, but less than domestic or wild animals 2) use of aversives (Stimuli it would avoid given the option). use only when needed and no more severe then required. Benefits must be worth it. 3) inspections

Answer 26

Cannot program it to stimulate the effects of a variable on behavior, until we know what those effects are

Answer 27

1) all natural phenomenon are caused. 2) Causes proceed their affects. 3) the causes of natural events include only natural phenomena. 4) the simplest explanation that fits the data is best. [the law of parsimony].

Answer 28

The changes in behaviour being measured are learning, not the result of learning

Answer 29

1) Natural scientific approach 2) Measures of learning 3) Sources of data 4) Use of animals

Answer 30

Take a lot of time Generalizations are often made on a few cases Not representative of larger group Cannot answer certain questions about behavior [ladder, Homosexuality aneurotic disorder] Data comes from people's reports, not direct observation of behavior Better control is required (descriptive studies)