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PSY 1400 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior is something that _____ living organisms do.

A

individual

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2
Q

_____ is defined as an individual living organism’s activity, public or _____, which may be influenced by external or _____ stimulation.

A

behavior; private; internal

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3
Q

A _____ is something you see, hear, smell, taste, or feel. These events can occur outside or inside your body.

A

stimulus

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4
Q

Stimuli is the plural of _____.

A

stimulus

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5
Q

One stimulus, two _____.

A

stimuli

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6
Q

Buying a car is an instance of _____ (public/private) behavior.

A

public

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7
Q

Changing your clothes is an instance of (public/private) behavior.

A

public

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8
Q

Thinking that you should not have bought that car because now you don’t have enough money for new clothes is an instance of _____ (public/private) behavior.

A

private

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9
Q

The first goal of behavior analysis is to _____ _____ behavior.

A

accurately predict

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10
Q

The second goal of behavior analysis is to discover _____ variables that may be used to _____ _____ behavior.

A

functional; positively influence

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11
Q

Accurately predicting behavior is important because it allows _____ behavior.

A

adaptive

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12
Q

The first assumption of behavior analysis is the behavior is _____.

A

determine

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13
Q

When we say, “behavior is determined,” we simply mean that behavior has a _____, or multiple ______.

A

cause; causes

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14
Q

In our daily lives, we often explain behavior (I went to the movies) by pointing to private behaviors (I thought going to the movies was a good idea). Behavior analysts refer to these as _____ explanations of behavior.

A

mentalistic

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15
Q

The second assumption of behavior analysis is that the _____ _____ is a valid way to discover the determinants of behavior.

A

scientific method

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16
Q

Within science, there are two meanings of the word _____. The first recognizes that humans are susceptible to biases that cloud how we evaluate evidence that supports and refutes our favorite theories.

A

objective

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17
Q

The second meaning of the word _____ recognizes that our current understanding of behavior is tentative and will be changed in the future as new findings support an alternative viewpoint that better allows us to predict and positively influence behavior.

A

objective

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18
Q

_____ evidence for a scientific finding is either directly observable or observable with the aid of an unbiased measurement device.

A

empirical

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19
Q

When a scientist makes a prediction about behavior, the prediction is precise enough that it could be shown to be incorrect. These are referred to as _____ predictions.

A

falsifiable

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20
Q

When scientists discover something, it is important that their research be repeated to see if the finding can be obtained again. This repetition of experiments to evaluate if they produced reliable results is called _____.

A

replication

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21
Q

Over 100 years of research has demonstrated that individual behavior is influenced by _____ and ____.

A

nature; nurture

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22
Q

Those working in the _____ analysis of behavior, most often conduct their research in laboratory settings, where nuisance variables will not get in the way of identifying determinants of behavior.

A

experimental

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23
Q

Behavior analysts who conduct scientific research in clinical settings are called _____ behavior analysts.

A

applied

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24
Q

Individuals who deliver behavioral services that are based on the research of laboratory and applied behavior analysts are employed in the field of behavioral _____ _____.

A

service delivery

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25
_____ are things that are not the same each time.
variables
26
When a functional variable is changed, it systematically influences _____.
behavior
27
_____ does not imply causation.
correlation
28
A publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way is the definition of an _____ _____.
independent variable
29
The three components of a behavioral experiment are (1) the _____ variable, (2) the experiment is designed to evaluate a _____ hypothesis, and (3) this hypothesis is evaluated by manipulating the _____ variable.
dependent; falsifiable; independent
30
In behavior analysis, the dependent variable is always _____.
behavior
31
Behavior analysts approach the use of ____-____ measures with caution.
self-report
32
Two potential problems with self-reports are that (i) people do not always tell the ____, particularly when doing so would make them look bad, and (ii) people cannot ____ their own behavior very well.
truth; recall
33
The alternative to self-reports is _____ _____ of behavior. Here, behavioral is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is measure at a later time.
direct observation
34
A behavioral _____ provides a very specific description of the target behavior.
definition
35
The behavior analyst asked the patient's parents and physician to approve the behavioral definition before the experiment began. If both of these stakeholders approve the definition, it has ______ ______. If the intervention positively influences this behavior, the parents and physician will be pleased with the outcome.
social validity
36
IOA stands for ______-______ agreement.
inter-observer
37
IOA= ______/(______+______)*100
agreements/(agreements+disagreements)
38
IOA is defined as the extent to which two ______ observers' data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time.
independent
39
If IOA is less that ______%, then the observers will need further training, or the behavioral definition will need to be refined.
90
40
Ioa does not assess the ______ of the data collected; nor does it assess its reliability. Instead, high IOA enhances the ______ of the data.
accuracy; believability
41
______ occurs when people behave differently because they know they are being observed.
reactivity
42
When the target behavior leaves behind a distinct, observable, and lasting product, then a cost-efficient way to measure behavior is to use ______ recording.
outcome
43
Two observers are independently recording Travis' behavior. Each time the observers observe Travis engage in the target behavior they increment a counter. The observers are using ______ recording to directly observe Travis' behavior.
event
44
The restaurant manager counted the number of salt shakers that Jamie filled 20 minutes ago, before she went home for the night. The manager is using ______ recording to directly observe Jamie's behavior.
outcome
45
Finn wants to record his exercising behavior. He could measure the duration of his exercising sessions, but he knows that sometimes his sessions are longer because he takes a lot of breaks and chats with the employees at the gym. Instead, he decides to simply count the number of times he lifts the weights (reps). Finn has decided to use ______ recording.
event
46
When interested in the frequency of a behavior that leaves behind no distinct, observable, and lasting product, you will use ______ recording if the behavior takes about the same duration each time (like a weight-lifting rep), and either ______-interval or ______-interbal recording if the duration of the behavior varies from instance to instance.
event; partial; whole
47
If you are estimating how often behavior occurs by recording whether or not it occurs at any time in each of a series of contiguous intervals, then you are using ______ recording.
partial-interval
48
If the direct observers agree about 27 of their recorded behavior, but disagree about 3 of them, what is their IOA?
90%
49
When the direct observers objectively record how long it takes to complete the behavior, they are using ______ recording.
duration
50
In ______ experimental designs, the focus is on the behavior of the group, not the individual.
group
51
In group experimental designs, inferential _____ are used to decide if behavior changed when the independent variable was manipulated.
statistics
52
In a _____-_____ experimental design, the focus is on the behavior of the individual, not the group.
single-subject
53
When an experiment demonstrates that behavior changed because the independent variable was turned ON and OFF, that experiment has high _____ _____.
internal validity
54
If another variable changed when the independent variable was manipulated, that other variable could explain why behavior changed. That other variable is referred to as a _____.
confound
55
Good experiments are those that can rule out confounds. These experiments have high _____ _____.
internal validity
56
When confounds cannot be ruled out, the experiment has _____ internal validity.
low
57
In the _____ design, behavior is compared between a baseline and a single intervention phase.
comparison (A-B)
58
Comparison designs are often referred to as quasi-experimental designs because they do not rule out _____ by repeatedly demonstrating that the independent variable has a systematic effect on behavior.
confounds
59
In a single-subject experimental design, it is always true that every individual will experience the _____ and experimental (intervention) phases.
baseline
60
In a single-subject experimental design, internal validity is assessed through _____. For example, if the independent variable systematically influences behavior every time is turned ON and OFF, then the experiment has high internal validity.
replication
61
The _____-_____ design is used either when it would be unethical to turn OFF the independent variable or when the independent variable is anticipated to produce a lasting (irreversible) effect.
multiple-baseline
62
Two of the single-subject experimental designs establish internal validity by turning ON and then OFF the independent variable. The first of these is the _____ design. The other is the _____-_____ design.
reversal; alternating-treatments
63
When behavior systematically changes as a result of past experiences, we call this_____.
learning
64
Natural selection "programs" individuals with innate _____ behaviors that help them survive in environments resembling those of their evolutionary ancestors.
reflexive
65
These innate reflexive behaviors are _____ (elicited/evoked) by specific stimuli, such as loss of support under an infant's head.
elicited
66
_____ is the term used to describe the gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations of the evocative stimulus.
habituation
67
Johan walked into the room and noticed the lights were off. The darkness _____ the behavior of flipping the light switch on.
evoked
68
Dr. Smith tapped the patella tendon just below Ashley's kneecap. This _____ a reflexive kneejerk response (Ashley's leg kicked forward).
elicited
69
The baby pictured on the cover of Nirvana's album was placed in a swimming pool. This aquatic stimulus _____ the swimming reflex.
elicited
70
You will recall from chapter 1 that the word "stimulus" refers to an environmental event that can be observed (seen, hear, smelled, etc.) by an individual. Thus, the color red is a _____.
stimulus
71
More than one stimulus is referred to as stimuli. The plural of stimulus is _____.
stimuli
72
When food is placed into the dog's mouth, the dog salivates. Food is the _____ _____ and salivating is the _____.
US; UR
73
Before Pavlovian conditioning, the sound produced by shaking the box of dog biscuits was a _____ _____ because it did not increase salivation.
neutral stimulus
74
During Pavlovian conditioning, the function of the box-shaking sound changed from a _____ _____ to a _____ _____.
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
75
When the US elicits salivation, salivating is classified as a(n) _____ _____.
unconditioned response
76
When the CS elicits salivation, salivating is classified as a(n) _____ _____.
conditioned response
77
Before Pavlovian conditioning, the neutral stimulus has no function- it does not influence behavior. After Pavlovian conditioning, the _____ of the neutral stimulus changes; it is now a CS that evokes the CR.
function
78
Through Pavlovian conditioning, individuals learn three things: (1) the CS signals a _____ reaction to the US; (2) the CS signals _____ the US is coming; and (3) the CS signals _____ US is coming.
delay; when; what (or which)
79
The first principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is to use a phylogenetically important _____.
US
80
The second principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS should be _____, that is, noticeable.
salient
81
The third principle of effective Pavlovian conditioning is, the CS should signal a large _____ _____ to the US.
delay reduction
82
The fourth and final principle of Pavlovian condition is to be sure that no other _____ signals a delay reduction to the US.
stimulus (or CS)
83
If the CS always precedes the US by 2 seconds, and the average time between US events (US -> US interval) is 200 seconds, what is the delay-reduction ratio? Will this function as an effective CS?
200/2= 100; yes
84
If the average time between US events is 60 seconds and the CS always precedes the US by 55 seconds, what is the delay-reduction ratio? Will this stimulus function as an effective CS?
60/55= 1.09; no
85
In a procedure known as Pavlovian _____, the _____ is presented repeatedly without the US.
extinction; CS
86
The effect of Pavlovian extinction on behavior is a reduction or elimination of the CS's ability to evoke the _____.
CR
87
The therapy technique used to help Annora overcome her fear of dogs is called _____ _____.
graduated exposure
88
An early form of graduated exposure therapy was used by Mary _____ _____ to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits and other furry animals.
Cover Jones
89
When graduated exposure therapy is used to treat phobias, the first CS _____ (e.g., a caged rabbit placed at a 12-feet distance) should be a stimulus anticipated to evoke little or no fear.
approximation
90
The most effective treatment for human phobias is known as _____ _____ therapy.
graduated exposure
91
Following an extinction session, it is common for the CS to _____ _____ its ability to evoke the CR.
spontaneously recover
92
When using Pavlovian extinction to treat human phobias, _____ _____ is a bad thing because, after the extinction session, the client experiences fear when the CS is presented.
spontaneous recovery
93
If more time passes between Pavlovian extinction sessions, _____ spontaneous recovery will occur.
more
94
Spontaneous recovery decreases as _____ Pavlovian extinction sessions are conducted.
more
95
Spontaneous recovery can be minimized by continuing each extinction session until the _____ is completely extinguished.
CR

PSY 1400 (4 decks)

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