UNIT 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Study of tissues of the body and how tissues are arranged to constitute organs
A
Histology
2
Q
Other term for histology
A
microscopic anatomy or microanatomy
3
Q
French word “tissue” means
A
Weave or texture
4
Q
What year did tissue not refer to organic, cellular layers, but rather to anything woven or textured
A
1700s
5
Q
Tissue was coined by French scientist
A
Bichat
6
Q
First microscopes were constructed where
A
Netherlands
7
Q
First microscopes were constructed when
A
Late 15000s
8
Q
Images are poor under what magnification
A
3x-9x
9
Q
4 basic types of tissues
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
10
Q
Different types and functions of cells
A
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
11
Q
Different types of characteristics of the matrix
A
Elastic, hard or gelatinous
12
Q
Different relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
A
Connective tissue vs muscle and epithelium
13
Q
The embryo begins as what?
A
A single cell
14
Q
What Divides into many cells that form layers (strata)?
A
Embryo
15
Q
Three primary germ layers
A
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
16
Q
Primary germ layer that is found in the epidermis and nervous system
A
Ectoderm
17
Q
Primary germ layer that has mucous membranes and digestive glands
A
Endoderm
18
Q
Primary germ layer that forms mesenchyme
A
Mesoderm
19
Q
Primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood
A
Mesoderm
20
Q
Preparation of histological specimens
A
Fixation, sections, mounted on slides and stained
21
Q
Reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2-dimensional
A
Sectioning (slicing) an organ or tissue
22
Q
Types of tissue sections
A
Longitudinal, cross, oblique
23
Q
Tissue cut along the longest direction of an organ
A
Longitudinal
24
Q
Tissue cut perpendicular to the length of an organ
A
Cross
25
Tissue cut at an angle between a cross & longitudinal
Oblique
26
One or more layers of closely adhering cells
Epithelial tissue
27
What forms on the top of the epithelial tissue?
flat sheet with the upper surface exposed to the environment or an internal body cavity
28
the bottom of the epithelial tissue sits where?
Basement membrane
29
Types of arrangement of layers
Simple, stratified
30
Cell shapes
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
31
Most abundant and variable tissue type
Connective tissue
32
Functions of connective tissue
1. Binding of organs
2. Support, protection, and movement
3. Storage
4. Transport
33
T/F Connective tissue has widely spaced cells
True
34
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
35
T/F the plasma membrane of the three muscle tissues cannot change their electrical states
False, it can
36
T/F the three muscle tissues can send an electrical wave called an action potential along the entire length of the membrane
True
37
T/F Nervous system can influence the excitability of cardiac and smooth muscle
True
38
T/F Skeletal muscle is completely independent from signaling from the nervous system
False, it is dependent
39
Both muscle types can respond to other stimuli
Hormones and local stimuli
40
What type of tissue is composed of nerve and glial cells?
Nervous tissue
41
Type of tissue that is responsible for the computation and computation that the nervous system provides
Nervous tissue
42
T/F Nervous tissue electrically active and release chemical signals to communicate between each other and with target cells
True
43
T/F nervous tissue are larger than neurons and play a supporting role for nervous tissue
False, they are smaller than neurons
44
Functions of glial cells
- Maintain the extracellular environment around neurons
- Improve signal conduction I neurons
- Protect them from pathogens
45
T/F Glial cell number matches neuron number and can send signals themselves
True
46
Description of cell
- Basic, structural, morphologic, developmental, functional unit of living organism
- Mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus
- Smallest biologic entity capable of independent existence
47
Cell constructed by imagination to include parts which can be found in other cells
Hypothetical cell
48
Organelles are formed by
Golgi apparatus
49
Organelles are secreted by
Exocytosis
50
Site of protein synthesis
Rough ER
51
T/F Golgi apparatus contains materials produced in the cell
False, organelle
52
Permeability barrier that allows the cell to maintain an interior composition far different from that of the extracellular fluid
Cellular membrane
53
2 proposed structures of the cellular membrane
Davson and Danielli
Fluid Mosaic Model
54
Proposed structure model that involves a Trilaminar structure
Davson and Danielli
55
Proposed structure model that was inspired by Singer and Nicholson
Fluid Mosaic Model
56
Creates kinks, prevents the close packing of the hydrophobic tails
Unsaturated fatty acids
57
Stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
58
The dual properties of fluidity and flexibility of the cell membrane
- Decrease fluidity
- Decrease permeability to small water soluble molecules
59
Carbohydrate moieties – functions as receptors or antigens
Glycolipids
60
Three membrane proteins
Peripheral proteins, intrinsic/integral proteins, transmembrane proteins
61
Membrane protein found on the cytoplasmic side of the inner leaflet
Peripheral proteins
62
Membrane protein that may have just a segment embedded in one of the leaflets with a lipid anchor
Intrinsic/integral proteins
63
Membrane protein that span the lipid bilayer – functional on both sides of the bilayer
Transmembrane proteins
64
T/F cells are polarized
True
65
has an organized dimensional structure o Superior, inferior, lateral, distal
polarized cell
66
Superior side of the cell, faces the environment, faces a lumen, connects to the ducts and has channels
Apical region
67
Inferior side of the cell, Faces the capillary containing tissue – basement membrane
Basolateral region
68
T/F Epithelial cells are supported by basement membrane
True
69
Command center of the cell and contains the code for all of a cell’s enzymes and other proteins
Nucleus
70
DNA + Nucleoli = ?
RNA
71
T/F Nucleus is the site of ribosomes and messenger RNA synthesis
True
72
What biological concept is produced by the nucleus?
Transcription and Translation
73
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assemble
Nucleolus
74
T/F mRNA is delivered to the ribosomes by nucleus
False, delivered by the nucleolus
75
Characteristics of Rough ER
- Granular appearance due to bound ribosomes
- Primary site of secretory protein synthesis
76
Characteristics of Smooth ER
- Appears smooth due to lack of bound ribosomes
- Site of lipid biosynthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, intracellular calcium storage, & detoxification of noxious metabolites
77
Consists of stacks of four to six stacked saucer-shaped cisternae
Golgi apparatus
78
Sites of intracellular digestion & turnover of cell components
Lysosomes
79
Type of lysosome that has small membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
Primary lysosomes
80
Type of lysosome that is a composite structure formed by the fusion of a primary lysosome and a phagocytized foreign body
Secondary lysosomes
81
Mobile powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
82
Compartments of the mitochondria
Outer membrane, inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix, intramembranous space
83
Sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
84
Type of ribosomes that are found scattered in the cytosol
Attached ribosomes
85
Important in the proper management of metabolic waste products of the cell
Peroxisomes
86
What deposits do the peroxisomes produce?
Cytoplasmic
87
Three cytoskeletal components
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
88
Largest organelle within the cell, command center of the cell
Cell nucleus
89
Nuclear components of cell nucleus
Nuclear envelope, chromatin
90
Selectively permeable membrane separating the nuclear components from the cytoplasmic components
Nuclear envelope
91
An eightfold symmetrical structure made up of 30 different nuclear proteins
Nuclear pore complexes
92
Gate keeper of the nucleus
Nucleoporins
93
Assist in the translocation of proteins, RNAs and ribonuclear particles
Karyopherin
94
Also known as importins and exportins
karyopherin
95
Made of DNA and all associated proteins involved in the organization and function of DNA
Chromatin
96
Components of chromatin
DNA, Histones, DNA binding protein, RNA
97
Separate structures that forms when chromatin fibers coil up, Occurs when cell prepares to divide
Chromosome
98
Types of chromatin
Heterochromatin, euchromatin
99
Chromosomal segments which appear extremely condensed and dark in color in the interphase nucleus
Heterochromatin
100
Small, dense sex chromosome, One of the two large X chromosomes present in human females
Barr body
101
Structure that produces the initial organization of free double-stranded DNA into chromatin
Nucleosome
102
Phases of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, M, G0
103
The cell cycle is regulated by what?
cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
104
The time gap between mitosis and the beginning of DNA replication
G1 phase
105
Period of DNA synthesis
S Phase
106
Gap between DNA duplication and the next mitosis
G2 phase
107
Includes all phases of mitosis itself
M phase
108
Phase when cell activities are temporarily or permanently suspended
phase
109
Cell cycle checkpoints
G1 checkpoint, Intra S-phase checkpoint, G2/M Checkpoint, Mitotic Checkpoint
110
Cell cycle regulator that govern the transition between phases during cell cycle progression
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
111
Critical in chromosome segregation
Other kinases – Aurora, Mps1, and Bub
112
Frequently mutated in human cancer and deregulated CDK activity
Genes
113
3 classifications of cells
Permanent, labile, stable
114
Cells that will never reenter cell cycle
Permanent cells
115
Cells that keep on recycling/regenerating new cells
Labile cells
116
Cells that remain in the g0
Stable cells
117
A parent cell divides and each of the two daughter cells receives a chromosomal set identical to the parent cell
mitosis
118
Phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
119
Phase where nucleolus disappears and replicated chromatin condenses – discrete threadlike chromosomes
Prophase
120
Phase where microtubules move the chromosomes alignment at the equatorial plate
Metaphase
121
Phase where chromosomes condense further
Metaphase
122
Phase where two sets of chromosomes at the spindle poles begin to revert to their uncondensed state
Telophase
123
cycling serves to renew the differentiated cells of its tissues
stem cells
124
cells in transit along the path from the stem cell niche to a differentiated state
progenitor cells
125
Specialized process involving two unique and closely associated cell divisions – form sperm and egg cells
Meiosis
126
Two key features of meiosis
Synapsis, cells are haploid
127
reciprocal DNA exchanges
crossovers
128
new diploid cell from the union of haploid eggs and sperm at fertilization
zygote
129
Process of cell suicide
Apoptosis
130
Rapid, highly regulated cellular activity that shrinks and eliminates defective and unneeded cells
Apoptosis
