Unit 1 Flashcards by Galanza Jennifer J.

Study of microorganisms

Microbiology

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Large diverse group of microscopic organisms

Microorganisms

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Microorganisms exist as

Single cells

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Product of evolution

Microorganisms

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Evolution is the biological consequence of

Natural selection

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Microorganisms are group according to

Classification

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Give the 8 classification of microorganisms

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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It is the most inclusive taxa

Kingdom

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It established the rules and guidelines for naming a microo

International code of nomenclature of bacteria or bacteriological code

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The genus always starts with

Capital letter

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The species always starts with

Lowercase

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Naming bacteria are always?

Italicized (15 degrees) and underlined

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Process of delineating a microorganisms features

Microbial identification

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2 methods for microbial identification

Genetic and phenotypic characteristics

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Give the 8 criteria of phenotypic characteristics

Macroscopic morphology
Microscopic morphology
Staining characteristics
Nutritional requirements
Resistance profiles
Antigenic properties
Sub-cellular properties
Chemataxonomic properties

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3 staining characteristics:

Gram stain
Acid fast stain
Periodic-Acid Schiff

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Most common/major way of classifying bacteria in diagnostic microbiology

Gram staining

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Bacteria lacks…

Nuclear membrane
True nucleus

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Bacteria are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

Prokaryotes

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Give the 7 organelles present only in Eukaryotes

Golgi bodies
Membrane bound organelles
Lysosomes
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum

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Location of prokaryote
Location of eukaryote

: nucleoid
: nucleus

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Chromosomal DNA
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

: circular
: linear with histones and proteins

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Electron transport for energy
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

: Cell membrane
: Mitochondria and chloroplast

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Do prokaryotes have sterols?
Do eukaryotes have sterols?

: no
: yes

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What is absent in prokaryotes?

7 organelles Sterols Cilia

Cell envelope structure consists of:

Capsule Cell wall Cell membrane Slime layers

Cell membrane AKA

Plasma membrane

Function: act as an osmotic barrier and location for electron transport chain

Cell membrane

Prokaryotic cell membrane are made up of

Phospholipids Proteins

Eukaryotic cell membrane are made up of

Phospholipids Proteins Sterols

Maintains the size of the cell

Cell membrane

Function: maintain cell shape, prevent cell from bursting due to high internal osmotic pressure, prevents mechanical disruption

Cell wall

This bacteria does not have cell wall and poorly stains with gram stain

Mycoplasma spp.

Type of cell wall that is very thick in peptidoglycan layer

Gram positive cell wall

AKA AS MUREIN LAYER

Peptidoglycan layer

Unique to gram positive bacteria

Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid

Anchored to the murein layer

Teichoic acid

Anchored to the plasma membrane

Lipoteichoic acid

Unique to gram negative bacteria

Outer membrane Periplasmic space

Outer membrane consists of:

Lipopolysaccharides Proteins Phospholipids

LPS 3 regions

O-specific polysaccharide Lipid A Core polysaccharide

AKA as endotoxin, and responsible for fever and shock

Lipid A

It is a type of cell wall that has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan layer, and less affected by antibiotics

Gram negative cell wall

It is the space between the outer membrane and inner membrane, Gel like matrix Absent in gram positive

Periplasmic space

Outer membrane acts as sieve allowing water soluble molecule to enter through protein channel called

Porins

2 examples of microorganisms found in Acid fast cell wall

Mycobacterium spp Nocardia spp

Major component of the acid fast cell wall, which makes gram staining very difficult

Mycolic acid

Mycobacterium stains color: Nocardia stains color:

Faint blue Dark blue

Made of high molecular weight polysaccharides polymer

Capsules

Removal of capsule is done by

Boiling a suspension of the microorganisms

Staining the capsule will cause the appearance of what pattern

Halo-like pattern

Important function of slime layers

Stabilizes the cell

AKA as biofilms

Slime layers

Bacteria present in the artificial prosthetics and in dwelling devices

Enterococcus spp. Coagulase negative staphylococcus Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spo

Fungi present in the artificial prosthetics and in dwelling devices

Candida albicans

Bacteria in food borne contamination

Listeria monocytogenes

This structure will help the bacteria to be motile

Flagella

TRUE OR FALSE all bacteria are motile

False

Type of flagella - no flagella (non-motile)

Atrichous

Type of flagella - one polar flagellum in one side

Monotrichous

Type of flagella - flagella on both ends

Amphitrichous

Type of flagella - tufts at one end

Lophotrichous

Type of flagella - tuft of flagella at both ends

Cephalotrichous/amphilophotrichous

Type of flagella - flagella all around

Pertrichous

In motile gram negative bacteria Embedded in the lipid bilayer

L Ring

In motile gram negative bacteria Embedded in the Periplasmic space

P Ring

2 important rings in motile gram negative bacteria

S and M ring

In motile gram negative bacteria Attached to the M ring

S ring

Flagellation of prokaryotes

Clockwise or counter clockwise rotation

Prokaryotes movement are powered by

Proto motive force (chemiosmosis)

Eukaryotes movement are made by

Chemismosis or ATP

4 types of locomotion produced by prokaryotic flagella

Propulsion/swimming Swarming motility Twitching motility Gliding motility

Types of locomotion flagella - forward, reverse, tumbling And give example of a bacteria

Propulsion or swimming E coli

Proteus spp movement

Swarming motility

Prokaryotic flagella that uses pili or flagella

Gliding motility

Type of locomotion by Prokaryotic flagella which uses pili as hook

Twitching motility

3 genetic recombination

Transformation Transduction Conjugation

Mode of transfer/exchange between homologous regions of two DNA molecules

Genetic recombination

Helps in forming new combination of genes on a chromosome and enables genetic diversity

Genetic recombination

Transfer of bacterial genes using bacteriophage

Transduction

Cells that can take up dna are called

COMPETENT

uptake and incorporation of free or naked DNA into the bacterial cell

transformation

Phase that the infected bacterial cell lyses due to viral infection causing the release of more bacteriophage

Lytic phase

In this phase, the bacteriophage is now called “temperate phage”

Lysogeny

Transfer of genetic material from a donor (male) bacterium into a recipient (female) bacterium

Conjugation

4 types of cell interior

Cytosol Nucleoid Plasmids Endospores

a cell interior, which is gel like substance and it is the main sire of metabolism for bacteria

Cytosol

Storage form of glucose

Glycogen

Store inorganic phosphates

Polyphosphate granules

It is part of the cytoplasm; without nuclear membrane

Nucleoid

Contains highly coiled linear DNA with intermixed RNA, polyamines and proteins

Nucleoid

AKA as jumping genes

Transposons

Mobile dna pieces that jump from one chromosomal location to another, which also carry drug resistance genes located in plasmids

Transposons

TRUE OR FALSE jumping may not cause loss of phenotype or an appearance of a new phenotype

FALSE

Contains genes that enable bacteria to resist/adapt to its harsh environment

Plasmids

According to morphology Cocci

Circular in shape

According to morphology Bacilli

Rod shaped

According to morphology Coccobacilli

Ovoid

According to morphology - pointed end or tapered end

Fusiform

According to morphology - no definite shape

Pleiomorphic

According to gram staining Components: Preservation of the structure which uses heat

Fixation

According to gram staining Components: Stabilize the cell wall, act as a bridge between stain and bacteria

Mordant (Gram’s iodine)

According to gram staining Components: Primary stain

Crystal Violet

According to gram staining Components: Use as decolorizer

Alcohol or alcohol acetone

According to gram staining Components: Use to counter stain

Safranin

According to gram staining Components: Counter stain - allows better staining of anaerobic bacteria

Carbol fuchsin

Retains the primary stain

Gram positive bacteria

Primary stain is washed away due to the thin peptidoglycan layer and allows the counterstain to enter

Gram negative bacteria

Bacteria seen in gram positive bacteria

Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spp

Final stain of gram positive bacteria

Deep blue or Purple

Final stain of gram negative bacteria

Pink or red

Bacteria seen in gram negative bacteria

Pseudomonas spp. enterobacteriaceae family

Gram variable AKA as:

Interdeterminate Ghost Neutral Atypical

Final stain in gram variable

Mix of Pink or purple

Bacteria Seen in gram variable

Bacillus spp. clostridium spp.

Controls in gram positive

Staphylococcus aureus

Controls in gram negative

Escherichia coli

According to Acid fast staining 3 types:

Hot method: Ziehl-Neelsen method Cold method: Kinyoun method Truant method: auramine-rhodamine fluorochrome method

According to Acid fast staining Method that uses without heat and increased the concentration of carbol fuchsin as the primary stain

Cold method

According to Acid fast staining Introduce the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a mordant

Franz Ziehl

According to Acid fast staining Introduce the use of basic fuchsin as a seconda stain

Friedrich Neelsen

According to Acid fast staining Components of hot and cold method Primary stain:

Carbol fuchsin hot Kinyoun carbol fuchsin cold

According to Acid fast staining Components of hot and cold method Decolorizer:

Acid alcohol (HCL in 95% ethanol)

According to Acid fast staining Components of hot and cold method Counterstain:

Methylene blue

According to Acid fast staining - uses ultraviolet fluorescent microscope

Truant method

According to Acid fast staining Truant method: Fluorescent stain

Auramine O - Rhodamine B stain

According to Acid fast staining Truant method: Decolorizer:

Acid alcohol (HCL in 70% ethanol)

According to Acid fast staining Truant method: Counterstain

Potassium permanganate

This bacteria can be found in acid fast stain if you use tap water

Mycobacterium gordonae

Final stain of acid fast positive

Red

Final stain of acid fast negative

Blue

According to complexity:

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

According to symbiosis - relationship between two organism in which one harm the other

Parasitism/pathogens

TRUE OR FALSE Parasite May inadvertently inflict harm on its host

True

According to symbiosis - relationship between two organisms where both benefit

Mutualism

According to symbiosis - relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed

Commensalism

Commensalism are called

Partners

Phoresis are called

Phoronts

According to symbiosis - relationship between two organisms “traveling together “ and do not have any dependency on each other

Phoresis

According to nutrition Organisms that can build their own food

Autotrophs

According to nutrition Organisms that cannot build their own food

Heterotrophs

According to nutrition Heterotrophs type ; organisms that feed in dead and decaying matter

Saprophytes

According to nutrition Heterotrophs type; acquire nutrition from living hosts

Parasite/pathogens

According to nutrition Autotrophs type ; use sunlight to create atp

Photoautotrophs

According to nutrition Autotrophs type ; uses inorganic chemical processes

Chemoautotrophs

According to temperature requirements Optimal growth at 10-20

Psychrophiles

According to temperature requirements Optimal growth at 20-40

Mesophiles

According to temperature requirements Optimal growth 50-60

Thermophiles

Campylobacter jejuni can grow at what degree celsius

42 degrees celsius

According to atmospheric requirements Require oxygen for growth

Aerobes

According to atmospheric requirements Required reduced oxygen level of growth Ex. Campylobacter jejuni requires 5% to 6% O2

Microaerophiles

According to atmospheric requirements Organisms that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobes

According to atmospheric requirements Can grow with or without oxygen

Facultative anaerobes

According to atmospheric requirements Facultative anaerobes With oxygen

Aerobic respiration

According to atmospheric requirements Facultative anaerobes Without oxygen

Faster growth

Can survive in the presence of oxygen but does not need oxygen for metabolism

Aerotolerant anaerobes

According to atmospheric requirements Organisms that requires 5-10% CO2

Capnophiles

According to pH requirements pH level less than 5 Ex. Normal flora on the Vagina (Lactobacillus spp)

Acidophiles

According to pH requirements pH level 5-8

Neutrophiles

According to pH requirements Most bacteria are

Neutrophiles

According to pH requirements pH level 8-11

Alkaliphiles

According to pH requirements A pathogen that grows at pH of 8 and can survive harsh environment such as pH of 11 but is inactivated by the acid in the stomach

Vibrio cholerae

According to osmotic pressure Seen in environment with high (inorganic solutes) salt concentration

Halophiles

According to osmotic pressure Seen in environment with high salt concentration. Less than 0.2 M

Non-halophiles

According to osmotic pressure Seen in environment with high organic solute concentration

Osmophiles

Bacterial growth The primary way how bacterial divide, in which they produces two clone cells

Binary fission

Bacterial growth Phases:

Generation time Doubling time

Growth curve Four phase

Lag phase Log phase Stationary phase Death phase

Growth curve Bacterias are preparing to divide Nutrients > toxic products

Lag phase

Growth curve Bacteria divide logarithmically

Log phase

Growth curve Nutrients start to diminish Toxic products start to accumulate Cell replication=cell death Cell variability starts to decrease

Stationary phase

Growth curve Cell replication < cell death Toxic products < nutrients 20-24 hrs

Death phase

Bacterial metabolism Major pathway of glucose - pyruvate

Embden-Meyerhof parnas glycolytic pathway

Unit 1 Flashcards

(173 cards)