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AP HUG 1/3/5/7 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

scale

A

Scale: The relationship between that being studied and the Earth as a whole.

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2
Q

Space

A

Space: Physical gap or interval between two objects.

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3
Q

Map

A

Map: A two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth’s surface, or a portion of it.

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4
Q

cartography

A

Cartography: the science of map-making

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5
Q

GIS

A

GIS: (Geographic Information System) captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data; a computer-based analysis tool.

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6
Q

Photogrammetry

A

Photogrammetry: the science of taking measurements of Earth’s surface from photographs.

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7
Q

Remote Sensing

A

Remote Sensing: the acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or to other long-distance methods.

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8
Q

GPS

A

GPS: (Global Positioning System) system that determines the precise position of something on Earth.

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9
Q

Geotagging

A

Geotagging: recorded locations of all the information we gather and photos we take with our electronic devices.

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10
Q

Region

A

Region: an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

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11
Q

Connection

A

Connection: refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

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12
Q

VGI

A

VG1: (Volunteered geographic information) creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals.

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13
Q

Citizen Science

A

Citizen science: scientific research by amateur scientists.

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14
Q

PGIS

A

PGIS: (participatory GIS) community-based mapping.

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15
Q

Mashup

A

Mashup: a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service

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16
Q

Map scale

A

Map scale: level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map.

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17
Q

Projection

A

Projection: The scientific method of transferring Earth to a flat map.

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18
Q

Robinson

A

Robison: allocates space to oceans but shows land areas much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size.

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19
Q

Homolosi

A

Homolosi: “the orange peel map,” is good at mapping human phenomena across space.

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20
Q

Mercator

A

Mercator: minimizes the distortion of shape and direction but grossly distorts the area toward the poles

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21
Q

Gall Peters

A

Gall-Peters: a projection that does not distort relative size, but does distort the shape.

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22
Q

Winkel

A

Winkel: The relative size of the landmasses on the map is the same as in reality.

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23
Q

Meridian

A

Meridian: an arc connecting the North and South poles.

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24
Q

Longittude

A

Longitude: location of each meridian is identified on Earth’s surface according to a numbering system.

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25
Q

Parallel

A

Parallel: a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

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26
Q

Lattitude

A

Latitude: numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel.

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27
Q

Isoline Map

A

Isoline Map: connects with lines all the places that have particular values

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28
Q

Dot distribution

A

Dot Distribution: depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over an area.

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29
Q

Chloropleth

A

Choropleth: A map where recognizable areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable.

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30
Q

Graduated Symbol

A

Graduated Symbol: Displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable

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31
Q

Cartogram

A

Cartogram: A map in which the size of the country or U.S. state is proportional to the value of a particular variable.

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32
Q

Place

A

Place: a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.

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33
Q

Topynym

A

Toponym: name given to a place on Earth.

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34
Q

Site

A

Site: the physical character of a place.

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35
Q

Situtation/Relative Location

A

Situation/Relative location: location of a place relative to other places.

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36
Q

Absolute Location

A

Absolute location: describes the position of a place in a way that never changes.

37
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

Cultural landscape: a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

38
Q

Region

A

Region: An area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics.

39
Q

Formal/Unified Region

A

Formal/Uniform region: area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

40
Q

Funtional/Nodal Region

A

Functional/Nodal region: area organized around a node or focal point.

41
Q

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

A

Vernacular/Perceptual region: area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

42
Q

Cultures

A

Cultures: the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social fons that together constitutes the distinct tradition of a group of people.

43
Q

Spatial Association

A

Spatial association: is observed within a region if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature.

44
Q

Globalization

A

Globalization: A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.

45
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

Transnational Corporation: Conducts research, operates factories and sells products in many countries, not just where headquarters and principal shareholders are located.

46
Q

Distribution

A

Distribution: The arrangement of a feature in space.

47
Q

Concentration

A

Concentration: The extent of a feature’s spread over space.

48
Q

Post structurialist Geogrpahy

A

Post Structuralist geography: Examines how the powerful in a society dominate, or seek to control less powerful groups, how the dominated occupy space, and confrontations that result from domination.

49
Q

Humanistic Geography

A

Humanistic Geography: emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meaning.

50
Q

Behavioral Geography

A

Behavioral geography: Emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space.

51
Q

Uneven Development

A

Uneven development: The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy.

52
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion: The process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time

53
Q

Hearth

A

Hearth: A place from which an innovation originates

54
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

Relocation diffusion: The spread of an idea through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

55
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

Expansion diffusion: The spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process

56
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

Hierarchical diffusion: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

57
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

Contagious diffusion: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

58
Q

Meme

A

Meme: Contagious diffusion through the Internet or social media.

59
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

Stimulus diffusion: the spread of an underlying principle even through a characteristic itself fails to diffuse

60
Q

Distance Decay

A

Distance decay: The diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from the origin.

61
Q

Space Time Compression

A

Space-time compression: The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.

62
Q

Network

A

Network: A chain of communication that connects places.

63
Q

Assimilation

A

Assimilation: The process by which a group’s cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group.

64
Q

Acculturation

A

Acculturation: The process of changes in culture that results from the meeting of two groups.

65
Q

Syncretism

A

Syncretism: The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature

66
Q

Resource

A

Resource: A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use.

67
Q

Sustainability

A

Sustainability: The use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.

68
Q

Renewable Resource

A

Renewable Resource: Produced in nature more rapidly than consumed by humans.

69
Q

Nonrenewable Resource

A

Nonrenewable Resource: Produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans.

70
Q

Conservation

A

Conservation: The sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation.

71
Q

Preservation

A

Preservation: The maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible.

72
Q

Biotic

A

Biotic: A system composed of living organisms

73
Q

Abiotic

A

Abiotic: Composed of nonliving or inorganic matter.

74
Q

Atmosphere

A

Atmosphere: A thin layer of gasses surrounding the Earth.

75
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Hydrosphere: All of the water on and near the Earth’s surface
`

76
Q

Lithosphere

A

Lithosphere: Earth’s crust and a portion of the upper mantle directly below the crust.

77
Q

Biosphere

A

Biosphere: All living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals as well as microorganisms.

78
Q

Climate

A

Climate: The long-term average weather condition at a particular location.

79
Q

Ecosystem

A

Ecosystem: A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres in which they interact

80
Q

Ecology

A

Ecology: The scientific study of ecosystems

81
Q

Erosion

A

Erosion: When the soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind

82
Q

Depletion of Nutrients

A

Depletion of Nutrients: When plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace

83
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

Cultural Ecology: The geographic study of human-environment relationships

84
Q

Environmentalism

A

Environmental Determinism: The belief that the physical environment causes social development

85
Q

Possibilism

A

Possibilism: The belief that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people can have the ability to adjust to their environment.

86
Q

Polder

A

Polder: a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area

87
Q

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

A

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): Informally known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) which is the time at the prime meridian (0 degrees longitude) is the master reference time for all points on Earth.

88
Q

International Date Line

A

International Date Line: An arc that for the most part follows the 180 degrees of longitude.

AP HUG 1/3/5/7 (4 decks)

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