Unit 1

Question 1

___ scans require an injection of radioactive glucose to measure brain activity

Answer 1

PET

Question 2

Which research method(s) are used in animal research to induce changes in brain activity

Answer 2

All of the above:
Optogenetics
Pharmacological manipulation
Gene knockouts

Question 3

The central nervous system is made up of the __ and __

Answer 3

brain,
spinal cord

Question 4

What is the division of the nervous system that consists of the nerves connecting the CNS to the visceral organs such as the heart, stomach, and intestines

Answer 4

Autonomic

Question 5

A cluster of cells located in the CNS is called __, while a cluster outside the CNS is called __

Answer 5

nucleus,
ganglion

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT performed by glia cells:
remove waste materials
build myelin sheaths
transmit info
guide the growth of axons and dendrites

Answer 6

transmit info

Question 7

Neurons have one __, but can have any number of __

Answer 7

axon,
dendrites

Question 8

The sensory nerves enter the spinal cord on its __ side;
the motor nerves leave the spinal cord on its __ side

Answer 8

dorsal,
ventral

Question 9

Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual information?

Answer 9

Occipital

Question 10

After comparing the brains of mammals, such as rats and humans, to fish and reptiles, a researcher found:

Answer 10

The forebrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals

Question 11

The neuron has many branch-like extensions called __ that receive input from other neurons

Answer 11

dendrites

Question 12

Which of the following functions is not carried out by neurons?
the myelination of axons
the reuptake of neurotransmitters
the production of metabotropic receptors
the production of microtubules
the control of genes regulating metabolic proteins

Answer 12

the myelination of axons

Question 13

When your heart starts to race as you prepare to give an oral presentation in class, this division of the autonomic nervous system is active

Answer 13

Sympathetic

Question 14

When piano players engage in long periods of practice, the part of this brain area that controls the hands is active

Answer 14

primary motor cortex

Question 15

The thalamus is located in the

Answer 15

diencephalon

Question 16

What are the cells called that line the fourth ventricle and produce cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 16

choroid plexus

Question 17

The forebrain structures located around the brain stem that are important for motivated and emotional behavior are collectively known as the

Answer 17

limbic system

Question 18

What type of lesion leads to severe memory loss?

Answer 18

bilateral medial temporal lesions

Question 19

Research has shown schizophrenic patients are more likely to have __ spines than control patients.

Answer 19

less

Question 20

On which of the following would action potentials travel the slowest?
A thin, myelinated axon
A thin, unmyelinated axon
A thick, myelinated axon
A thick, unmyelinated axon

Answer 20

A thin, UNmyelinated axon

Question 21

An interneuron is

Answer 21

a neuron that conveys info only to immediately adjacent neurons

Question 22

A neuron that conveys information away from the hippocampus is considered a (an) __ cell, with regard to the hippocampus.

Answer 22

efferent

Question 23

The sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium ions __ the cell, and potassium ions __ the cell

Answer 23

out of,
into

Question 24

If a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential, the result is

Answer 24

hyperpolarization

Question 25

A membrane produces an action potential whenever the potential across it reaches

Answer 25

the threshold

Question 26

According to the all-or-none law

Answer 26

the size of the action potential is independent of the strength of the stimulus that initiated it

Question 27

Which of the following statements is correct concerning ionic concentrations at the normal resting membrane potential? A. Higher sodium and potassium, and lower chloride inside relative to outside of neurons B. Lower sodium, potassium, and chloride inside relative to outside of neurons C. Lower sodium and chloride, and higher potassium inside relative to outside neurons D. Higher sodium, potassium, and chloride inside relative to outside of neurons. E. Lower sodium, and higher potassium and chloride inside relative to outside of neurons

Answer 27

C. Lower sodium and chloride, and higher potassium inside relative to outside neurons

Question 28

Which of the following mechanisms allows the membrane potential to go back to its resting value when the membrane potential is at the peak of the action potential? A. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) potassium channels. B. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) sodium channels. C. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) calcium channels. D. opening of neurotransmitter (ligand) -gated potassium channels. E. none of the above

Answer 28

A. opening of voltage sensitive (gated) potassium channels.

Question 29

What is the main mechanism contributing to the absolute refractory period in neurons

Answer 29

the voltage-dependent sodium channels cannot be opened

Question 30

How can a neuron signal the difference between an intense stimulus and a stimulus that barely reaches the threshold for an instant?

Answer 30

frequency of action potentials

Question 31

Most communication within neurons is __; most communication between neurons is __

Answer 31

electrical, chemical

Question 32

Which feature of a neuron limits the number of action potentials it can produce per second?

Answer 32

refractory period

Question 33

An EPSP is a

Answer 33

graded depolarization

Question 34

Spatial summation refers to

Answer 34

adding 2 stimuli from different sources at the same time

Question 35

An IPSP is a(n)

Answer 35

temporary hyperpolarization

Question 36

An action potential has just reached a presynaptic terminal. What should happen next in the order of events?

Answer 36

the presynaptic terminal will depolarize and the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

Question 37

The synaptic cleft is

Answer 37

the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

Question 38

The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neuron is determined by

Answer 38

the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane

Question 39

The __ receptors have quick effect with specific binding sites that control ligand-gated channels; __ receptors are slower and use secondary G protein messengers.

Answer 39

ionotropic, metabotropic

Question 40

When can a neuron cannot produce an action potential

Answer 40

when there is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential; during the absolute refractory period

Question 41

Small neurotransmitters are synthesized in the __ whereas large neuropeptides are synthesized in the __

Answer 41

presynaptic terminals, soma

Question 42

Which of the following is (are) NOT true of all neurotransmitters? A. They are endogenous biochemicals. B. They increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire C. They are released into the synaptic cleft D. They affect the postsynaptic membrane E. They are stored in synaptic vesicles

Answer 42

B. They increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire

Question 43

Which of the following is (are) true about postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)? A. A neurotransmitter must be released into the synaptic cleft B. A neurotransmitter must bind or fit into a receptor site C. A postsynaptic potential is a graded response D. It affects the probability of a neuronal impulse based on its size and polarity E. All of the above

Answer 43

E. All of the above: A neurotransmitter must be released into the synaptic cleft A neurotransmitter must bind or fit into a receptor site A postsynaptic potential is a graded response It affects the probability of a neuronal impulse based on its size and polarity

Question 44

A __ ligand is a naturally occurring molecule whereas an __ ligand is a drug or toxin.

Answer 44

endogenous, exogenous

Question 45

Which is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? A. serotonin B. glutamate C. dopamine D. GABA

Answer 45

B. glutamate

Question 46

What is the Starting Reagent for the Synthesis of Serotonin?

Answer 46

Tryptophan

Question 47

Which of the following mechanisms would you associate with an antagonist drug action? A. A drug that binds postsynaptic receptors and mimics the effect of the endogenous neurotransmitter B. A drug that prevents the normal reuptake of neurotransmitters inside presynaptic terminals C. A drug that increases the enzymatic synthesis of neurotransmitters D. A drug that binds postsynaptic receptors and blocks the normal action of the endogenous neurotransmitter

Answer 47

D. A drug that binds postsynaptic receptors and blocks the normal action of the endogenous neurotransmitter

Question 48

A drug that affects the presynaptic cell via transmitter clearance would

Answer 48

Inactivate transmitter reuptake

Question 49

Which neurotransmitter is found in motor neurons and is responsible for producing muscle contraction through its release at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 49

Acetylcholine

Question 50

Alcohol up-regulates the number of GABA receptors. This is an example of drug effects on

Answer 50

Postsynaptic mechanisms