UNIT 1

Question 1

Recognized that carbon is tetravalent?

Answer 1

Kekule (German Chemist) and Couper (Scottish Chemist)

Question 2

an atom that can form four carbon bonds with other atoms?

Answer 2

Tetravalent

Question 3

an example of tetravalent carbon?

Answer 3

Carbon Atom

Question 4

atoms that carbon can bond with easily?

Answer 4

Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
and carbon itself

Question 5

main component of organic molecules?

Answer 5

Carbon Atom

Question 6

Nature of Carbon?

Answer 6

1. Can form linear, branched, and cyclic bonds with a wide array of organic substance.
   2.Can form a more diverse molecular structure if the carbon atom will have single, double, and triple bonds.

Question 7

notioned that the chemical inertness of the noble gasses indicted a high degree of stability of the electron configuration of these elements (the noble gasses have completely filled valence shells)

Answer 7

Gilbert N. Lewis

Question 8

deviced a model of bonding that unified many of the observations of chemical reactions of the elements

Answer 8

Gilbert N. Lewis

Question 9

Happens when it acquires the complete (octet) eight electrons in the other most shell of the atom.

Answer 9

Chemical Bonding

Question 9

Happens when it acquires the complete (octet) eight electrons in the other most shell of the atom.

Answer 9

Chemical Bonding

Question 10

when an atom loses an electron

Answer 10

negatively charged

Question 11

when an atom gains an electron

Answer 11

positively charged

Question 12

when 2 atoms shares their electron

Answer 12

covalent bonds

Question 13

when an atom gains/losses its electron through the bond

Answer 13

ionic bonds

Question 14

If the electrons is shared equally?

Answer 14

non polar (covalent)

Question 15

if the electrons are not shared equally?

Answer 15

Polar (covalent)

Question 16

2 classification of organic compound?

Answer 16

1. Hydrocarbons
2. heteroatoms

Question 17

containing hydrogen and carbon

Answer 17

Hydrocarbons

Question 18

containing single binds

Answer 18

Heteroatoms

Question 19

Composed of single binds?

Answer 19

saturated

Question 20

composed of double or triple binds?

Answer 20

unsaturated

Question 21

2 types of hydrocarbons?

Answer 21

aliphatics
aromatics

Question 22

heteroatoms groups

Answer 22

with halogens
with oxygen
with nitrogen
with sulfur

Question 23

With halogens

Answer 23

organic halides
alkyl and aryl halides

Question 24

With oxygen

Answer 24

alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, esters

Question 25

With nitrogen

Answer 25

amines amides, amino acids

Question 26

With sulfur

Answer 26

thiols, sulfides

Question 27

what does green house methane made up?

Answer 27

HC

Question 28

Types of organic reactions?

Answer 28

1. Addition 2. Elimination 3. Substitution 4. Rearrangement 5. Oxidation 6. Oxidation reduction

Question 29

can be identified if there is an increase in the number of atoms or groups attached to a carbon(s) in the substrate. (A saturated compound contains single bonds only while an unsaturated compound contains double or triple bonds

Answer 29

Addition

Question 30

, an atom or a group of atoms is removed from the substrate, thus there is a decrease in the number of atoms or groups attached to carbon. The substrate is transformed to a more unsaturated (single bond) product.

Answer 30

Elimination reaction

Question 31

they involve the replacement of an atom or a group of atoms in the substrate by another atom or group of atoms.

Answer 31

Substitution

Question 32

reactions involve migration of an atom or group of atoms from one atom to another

Answer 32

Rearrangement Reaction

Question 33

reactions involve migration of an atom or group of atoms from one atom to another

Answer 33

oxidation and reduction reaction

Question 34

occurs when there is an increase in the oxygen content and/or a decrease in the hydrogen content of the substrate

Answer 34

Oxidation Reaction

Question 35

there is an increase in the hydrogen content and/or a decrease in the oxygen content of the substrate

Answer 35

Reduction Reaction

Question 36

the step by step events by which a substrate is converted to products at a given set of conditions

Answer 36

Reaction mechanism

Question 37

formed in a one step and then consumed in the later step of reaction mechanism

Answer 37

Reaction intermediate

Question 38

slowest step in the mechanism

Answer 38

Rate determining/limiting step

Question 39

formed from the transformation of reactants and reagents

Answer 39

product

Question 40

Can form carbon radical

Answer 40

Homolytic bond

Question 41

can be trivalent, carbon anion or carbocations or can be carbon cations

Answer 41

Heterolytic

Question 42

2 classification of reactant?

Answer 42

substrate and reagents

Question 43

used in an chemical reactions?

Answer 43

reagents

Question 44

loves electrons. attack positively charged atoms or low electron density

Answer 44

Nucleophilic (nucleus loving)

Question 45

electron deficient. capable of forming new bonds by accepting a pair of electrons attacks negatively charged electrons or high electron density

Answer 45

Electrophilic

Question 46

have odd number of electrons react easily and attack high electron density atoms

Answer 46

Radical like

Question 47

2 types of reactants

Question 48

3 types of reagents

Answer 48

nucleophile, electrophile, radical

Question 49

either carbocation or carbanion

Answer 49

heterolytic cleavage

Question 50

can form charged carbon intermediate known as radical

Answer 50

homolytic cleavage