unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
various perspectives
A
philosophy
sociology
psychology
anthropology
oriental/eastern thought
2
Q
socrates, plato, and aristotle are known as the
A
ancient triumvirate
3
Q
year of ancient philosophy
A
1000 BC to 500 AD
4
Q
know thy self
an unexamined life is not worth living
our soul strives for _ and _
is from
A
socrates
wisdom and perfection
5
Q
socrates dualistic reality
A
body and soul
6
Q
3 part soul / self (psyche)
A
plato
reason
physical appetite
spirit/passion
7
Q
the mind (self) is a _
self is composed of _ and _
the process of _ is through experiences
A
aristotle
tabula rasa (a blank tablet)
matter and form
completion
8
Q
according to _
what is the most important task one can undertake
(answers ‘how should i live my life’)
A
socrates
examining one’s self
9
Q
according to _
the _ of human beings is the reason or the intellect that constitutes their _ and that is separable from their _
A
plato
true self
soul
body
10
Q
the study of the many conditions of identity that make one subject of experience distinct from other experiences
A
philosophy of self
11
Q
according to _
a _ is “the actuality of a body that has life”, where life means the capacity for self- sustenance, growth, and reproduction
A
aristotle
soul
12
Q
soul hierarchy
A
plants
- vegetative/nutritive
- growth, nutrition, and reproduction
animals
- sensitive
- perception and locomotion
(at least one sense-faculty_touch + desires)
humans
- rational
- reason and thought (logismos kai dianoia)
13
Q
the post-aristotelians
A
stoicism
hedonism
epicureanism
14
Q
apathy or indifference to pleasure
embracing adversity
make us more resilient, happier, more virtuous, and more wise
A
stoicism
15
Q
they believe that pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil, and our life’s goals should be to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
eat drink and be happy tomorrow u will die
A
hedonism
16
Q
being content with the simple things in life ensures that you will never be disappointed
moderate pleasure
A
epicureanism
17
Q
goal is to attain inner peace by overcoming adversity, practicing self-control, being conscious of our impulses, realizing our ephemeral nature and the short time allotted—these were all meditative practices that helped them live with their nature and not against it
A
stoicism
18
Q
argued that pleasure was the chief good in life. Hence, _ advocated living in such a way as to derive the greatest amount of pleasure possible during one’s lifetime, yet doing so moderately in order to avoid the suffering incurred by overindulgence in such pleasure.
A
Epicureanism
epicurus
19
Q
In the Epicurean view, the highest pleasure (tranquility and freedom from fear) was obtained by _
A
knowledge, friendship, and living a virtuous and temperate life.
20
Q
the belief that pleasure, or the absence of pain, is the most important principle in determining the morality of a potential course of action. Pleasure can be things like “sex, drugs, and rock ‘n’ roll,” but it can also include any intrinsically valuable experience like reading a good book.
A
hedonism
21
Q
The belief that pleasure or happiness is the highest good in life
A
hedonism
22
Q
Some hedonists, such as the Epicureans, have insisted that _
A
pleasure of the entire mind, not just pleasure of the senses, is the highest good
23
Q
religions
A
hjbcdci
imiccmm
24
Q
medieval philosophy year
A
500 AD to 1350 AD
25
From the scientific investigation on nature and search for happiness to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in a better world
theo-centric
26
Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity
The self strives to achieve union with God through faith and reason
st. augustine
27
Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us (objects in our environment)
The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things we encounter in our environment
“The things that we love tell us what we are”
st. thomas aquinas
28
Experiencing that something exists doesn’t tell us what it is
Knowing and learning about a thing requires a long process of understanding; same with the mind and the self – with experience and reason
st. thomas aquinas
29
For Aquinas, we don't encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather always as agents _. Aquinas begins his theory of _ from the claim that all our self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around us.
interacting with our environment
self-knowledge
30
modern philosophy year
14th - early 20th century
31
Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ (medieval thinkers) excessive reliance on authority
Period of radical, social, political and intellectual developments
Anthropocentric
32
The self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body
Rene Descartes
33
Personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness
jean locke
34
There is no “self,” only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions passing through the theater of our minds.
david hume
35
The self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness that makes intelligible experience possible.
immanuel kant
36
The self is the way people behave
gilbert ryle
37
The self is the brain. Mental states will be superseded by brain states.
Paul & Patricia Churchland
38
(decartes)
the self can be correctly considered as either a _ or a _, and that the self’s properties vary accordingly
mind or a human being
39
(decartes)
The self is constituted by the beings that jointly produce this mental life, and derives its unity from it.
.
40
(decartes)
concept that reality or existence is divided into two parts.
dualism
41
(locke)
holds that personal identity is a matter of psychological continuity. He considered personal identity (or the self) to be founded on _(viz. memory), and not on the substance of either the soul or the body
consciousness
42
For Locke, all knowledge originates in our _, which acts as the final court of judgment in evaluating the accuracy and value of ideas. As a result, Descartes is considered an archetypal _ of the _ view of knowledge, whereas Locke is considered an archetypal _ of the _ view of knowledge.
direct sense experience
proponent - rationalist
advocate - empiricist
43
(hume)
If any impression gives rise to the idea of self, that impression must continue invariably the same through the whole course of our lives, since self is supposed to exist after that manner. But there is no impression constant and invariable
bundle theory
44
(hume)
the self is composed of different perceptions which succeed each other, we always ascribe our identity to those perceptions
.
45
(kant)
we all have an inner and an outer self which together form our _. The inner self is comprised of our _ state and our _ intellect. The outer self includes our _ and the _. ... According to Kant, representation occurs through our _
consciousness
psychological, rational
sense, physical world
senses
46
the _ is a phrase invented by Kant to describe the fact that the thoughts and perceptions of any given mind are bound together in a unity by being all contained in one consciousness—my consciousness
unity of consciousness
47
Arguing that the mind does not exist and therefore can't be the seat of self, Ryle believed that self comes from _. We're all just a bundle of behaviors caused by the physical workings of the body
behavior
48
(ryle)
“The self is the way people behave”. The self is basically our behavior. This concept provided the philosophical principle, _
“I act therefore I am”
49
Churchland believes that beliefs are not _; that is, he believes that a future, fully matured neuroscience is likely to have no need for "_" (see propositional attitudes), in the same manner that modern science discarded such notions as legends or witchcraft
ontologically real
beliefs
50
(churchland)
_ is the philosophical view that all aspects of the universe are composed of matter and energy and can be fully explained by physical laws.
Physicalism
51
This view, held by philosophers like Jerry Fodor, Daniel Dennett, and D. M. Armstrong, contends that the mind can be explained in terms of patterns of sensory inputs and behavior outputs mediated by functionally defined mental states.
functionalism
52
This view is embodied in the work of philosophers like Paul Churchland, who believes that the mind is the brain and that over time a mature neuroscience vocabulary will replace the “folk psychology” that we currently use to think about our selves and our minds.
eliminative materialism
53
contemporary philosophy year
late 19th century
54
We experience our self as a unity which the in mental and physical are seamlessly woven together
Edmund Husserl
55
The self is embodied subjectivity.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
56
Both Husserl and Merleau-Ponty agree that our living body is a natural synthesis of mind and biology.
Embodied Subjectivity
57
describe the phenomena of the lived experience (reducing biases) by describing what your immediate responses are— physically, emotionally, cognitively
Phenomenological approach
58
(husserl)
a philosophical movement originating in the 20th century, the primary objective of which is the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously experienced, without theories about their causal explanation and as free as possible from unexamined preconceptions and presuppositions.
phenomenology
59
Husserl speaks about the self (“the _”) as the experienced totality of one’s life. Within it, we can abstractively distinguish constitutive levels, all the way down to the pre-egological flow of time-consciousness, quite unlike our ordinary experiences of ourselves.
monad
60
Merleau-Ponty emphasized the _ as the primary site of knowing the world, a corrective to the long philosophical tradition of placing consciousness as the source of knowledge, and maintained that the body and that which it perceived could not be disentangled from each other.
body
61
Maurice Merleau-Ponty believed the physical body to be an important part of what makes up the subjective self. ... This work asserts that self and perception are encompassed in a physical body. The physical body is part of _. The perceptions of the mind and the actions of the body are interconnected
self
62
The self as a product of modern society among other constructions
SOCIOLOGY
63
the self is a relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to social systems
Classical sociological perspective
64
The self is socially constructed in the sense that it is shaped through interaction with other people
As with socialization in general, the individual is not a _ participant in this process and have a powerful influence over how this process and its consequences develop
passive
65
A person’s self grows out of a person´s social interactions with others
The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley)
66
Technique used to enhance the individual's perception on self and others.
Johari Window
(Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham)
67
the self is created and developed through human interaction
Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead)
68
socialized aspect of the person
me
69
active aspect of the person
I
70
The self based on psychoanalytic approach and cognitive construction
Psychology
71
The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered
Sigmund Freud (Father of Psychoanalysis)
Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
72
refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of
conscious
73
experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious with little effort
preconscious
74
contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior
unconscious
75
(freud)
structure of the self
id, ego, superego
76
id (_ - _)
Natural part of the self
Animalistic nature of man
Pleasure seeking part of the personality
Determined by the genetic code
Providing the raw materials
Setting the boundary conditions for development
biological self
pleasure principle
77
The id represents the basic need of man. If it is not satisfied, it could result to stress and tension. If satisfied, it could give you comfort and joy.
.
78
superego (_-_)
The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others
social self
idealistic principle
79
ego (_-_)
The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfil the reality principle
The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world
psychological self
reality principle
80
When the scale is out of balance, it is the responsibility of the EGO to mediate the conflict between the ID and SUPEREGO
Weak ego will lead to _
To protect the ego from anxiety, we use _
weak ego > ANXIETY
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
81
ego defense mechanisms
immature - repression, regression
psychotic - projection, displacement
mature - sublimation,
82
Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique
imaginary audience
83
What we look like
How we feel in different types of situation
How we behave towards others
What do we do at work
What are the roles we have in the family or society
mental representation
84
a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals (Harter, 1999).
self-concept
85
Used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value
In other words, it refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself
Self-esteem is often seen as a personality trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring
self-esteem
86
A person's ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person
Hence, a difference may exist between a person's ideal self and actual experience
Real and Ideal Self (Carl Rogers)
87
Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of _
congruence
88
Self as defined by Social Comparison
by leon festinger
temporal - present vs. past
social - others vs. u
89
Depending on the level of someone’s _, he/she may have the tendency to compare himself/herself with others either in an _ or _ kind of comparison
motivation
upward or downward (Two Modes of Social Comparison)
90
When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us
Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability
A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward comparisons, and usually assume himself/herself as better or equal to the “best person”
Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make upward comparisons instead of downward ones
Upward social comparison
91
When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than ourselves
Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities
A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this to feel better about himself/herself
Downward social comparison
92
Two Modes of Downward Social Comparison
Passive downward comparison: Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in making comparison
Active downward comparison: Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning or causing harm to them
93
plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-evaluation and self-enhancement
motivation
94
occurs when someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares himself/herself with
self-evaluation
95
on the other hand, occurs when the person questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with
self-enhancement
96
A group to which an individual or another group is compared
According to sociologists, a _ is any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
reference group
97
One’s identity must balance the need to be similar to one’s reference group with the need to be a unique individual
Children become aware of the need for a group identity and are often afraid or acting differently
Teens often seem torn between the need to assert their own individual identity and the need to conform to their reference group
New identities are forged in relation to work, parenthood, economic status, and ageing
The Creation of Identities
98
The self and person in contemporary anthropology
& the self being embedded in culture
Anthropology
99
the study of what makes us human. ... They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well as our bones, diet, and health.
The self of which we are aware is not something innate within us, it is a model of our self produced as a response to the models of us offered to us by other people.
anthropology
100
Western self vs. non-western self
wolter (2013)
western - autonomous and egocentric
Non-western/Eastern self - identity shared with others and derived from a culture instead of a “self”
101
Individualism-Collectivism Model
by Markus & Kitayama (1991)
I - A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of the universe and the society
C - A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society
People are fundamentally connected
Duty towards all others is a very important matter
102
The self as embedded in relationships and through spiritual development in Confucian thought
The self in oriental/Eastern thought
103
Asian Schools of Thought
Buddhism
Hinduism
Taoism
Confucianism
104
The self is the source of all sufferings. It is our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self in order to attain the state of Nirvana.
Buddhism
(Siddhartha Gautama)
105
believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or good actions that the individual performed in a previous life determines his or her caste
Hinduism
(Fusion of various Indian cultures and traditions)
106
Self does not exist without the existence of the other.
Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of otherness
Taoism
(Lao-Tzu)
107
Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of Confucius. It teaches how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people; focused on having a harmonious social life.
Confucianism
(Confucius)
