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AP Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Francis Bacon

A

founder of modern science

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3
Q

Empiricism & founders

A

idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Francis Bacon, John Locke

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4
Q

Wilhem Wundt

A

German professor who established the first psych lab at University of Leipzig

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5
Q

father of psychology

A

Wilhem Wundt

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6
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

established the first formal US psych lab

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

established by Edward Titchener
Focused on classifying and understanding structures of the mind
Used introspection

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

established by William James
Focused on how mental and behavioral processes function

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9
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

1st woman to be president of APA

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10
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

1st woman to receive Ph.D. in Psychology

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11
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

advocate for mentally ill & reformed how patients were treated

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12
Q

Psychoanalytic:

A

Sigmund Freud: father of psychoanalytic psych

emphasized the ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior

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13
Q

Behaviorism

A

view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

John B. Watson: Little Albert Study
B.F. Skinner: Skinner Box
Ivan Pavlov: classical conditioning

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14
Q

Humanism

A

emphasizes human growth potential
In 1950s: opposition to behaviorism & psychoanalytic approach

Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow

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15
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the study of mental processes, like when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Jean Piaget: well-known cognitive psychologist that focuses on the development of children

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16
Q

Jean Piaget

A

well-known cognitive psychologist that focuses on the development of children

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17
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles in natural selection

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18
Q

Biopsychosocial Approaches

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural viewpoints

How does their brain, psychology, and social/environment affect someone

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19
Q

Biological Approach

A

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

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20
Q

Sociocultural

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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21
Q

Basic Research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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22
Q

Applied Research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

23
Q

Scientific Method

A

a self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature’s answers

24
Q

Theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

25
Q

operational definitions

A

measurable definition of variable and procedures so the observations can be replicated

26
Q

Case Study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Advantages:
Very revealing
In-depth analysis of individual or small group
Disadvantages:
Individual stories can be misleading
Can’t determine cause & effect

27
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

Advantages:
Allows description of behavior in the natural environment
Disadvantages:
No control of the situation
Observations may be biased
Can’t determine cause & effect

28
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Advantages:
Provide large amount of information on large number of people
Disadvantages:
Questions can be leading (wording matters)
Self-reporting errors often happen

29
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

30
Q

Positive correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which both move in the same direction

31
Q

Negative correlation

A

as one variable increases, the other variable decreases

32
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)
The closer the score gets to -1 or +1 the stronger the correlation

33
Q

Illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than relationship

If we already believe there is a relationship between things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief. Leads to illusory correlation

34
Q

Regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average

35
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

A “snapshot” of data collected from a variety of groups at once (often based on age)

Advantages:
Less expensive and time consuming than longitudinal studies
Allows researchers many different variables at the same time
Disadvantages:
Difficult to interpret cause & effect

36
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A type of correlational research where you study changes in the same group over a long period of time

Advantages:
Allows researchers to examine consistencies & inconsistencies in behavior
Disadvantages:
Some participants may “disappear” or become uninterested in the study
Very time consuming

37
Q

Confounding variable

A

a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results
Random assignment controls for possible confounding variables

38
Q

Key Goal of Experimental Design

A

Validity
The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what is supposed to

39
Q

Placebo Effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone

40
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

both the research participants and the research staff are blind about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo

41
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of a group

42
Q

describe the shape of a positive skew

A

the majority of the data is to the left of the mean

43
Q

describe the shape of a negative skew

A

the majority of the data is to the right of the mean

44
Q

Standard Deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

45
Q

Low Standard

A

data is closely clustered around the mean

46
Q

High Standard

A

data is further dispersed over a wider range of values

47
Q

Z-score

A

a measure of how many standard deviations below of above the mean a raw score is

48
Q

Normal/Bell Curve

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

49
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

50
Q

Statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Indicates the likelihood that a result could have happened by chance
A p-value less than 0.5 is typically considered to be statistically significant

51
Q

list the percentages on the bell curve (from the middle going out)

A

34.1%
13.6%
2.1%
0.1%

52
Q

Ethics

A

principles that control a person’s behavior when they are conducting an activity

53
Q

5 Ethical Guidelines

A

Informed consent
Freedom to withdraw
Protection from harm and discomfort
Confidentiality
Debriefing

54
Q

Why Study Animals?

A

Want to understand how different species learn, think, and behave
Study animals to learn about people

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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