Unit 1 Flashcards
Why do we use graphs?
- To visually represent data
- To find patterns in data
What are five types of graphs and their specific purpose?
- Line: change over time
- Scatter: correlation of variables
- Bar: comparing groups
- Histogram: distribution of data
- Pie: parts of a whole
What are three elements of a good graph?
Titles for axis (units included)
Title of the graph
Correct axis
Overlapping Error Bars
The data from 2+ samples is NOT significantly different
The data shares overlapping values
Non-overlapping error bars
The data from 2+ samples IS significantly different
The data doesn’t share overlapping values.
Chi-square test
Used to determine whether the observed data from an experiment is the same as the data that would be predicted
Null hypothesis
OBSERVED=EXPECTED. states that there’s no significant difference between the expected and observed data
Alternative hypothesis
states a significant difference between the observed and expected data; implies that there is “something” causing the difference
Chi-Square Formula
X^2 = sum of (observed - expected)^2 over expected
degrees of freedom
of categories -1
X^2 value > p-value
reject your null hypothesis
X^2 value < p-value
fail to reject your null hypothesis
X^2 value = 0
accept your null hypothesis
Methyl - CH3
Nonpolar, no charge, hydrophobic, neutral pH
Hydroxyl - OH
polar, partially positive, hydrophilic, basic
Carbonyl -CO-
polar, partially negative, hydrophilic, acidic
Carboxyl - COOH
polar, negative after ionization, hydrophilic, acid
Phosphate - PO4H2
polar, -2 after ionization, hydrophilic, acid
Amine - NH2
polar, positive after ionization, hydrophilic base
Sulfhydryl - SH
polar, hydrophilic, slightly positive, neutral pH
Hydrocarbon
nonpolar, no charge, hydrophobic, neutral pH
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that involves an organic molecule reacting with H2O.
H2O breaks a covalent bond of a polymer into smaller molecules that contain the remnants of OH and H attached to them
Catabolism
Dehydration Synthesis
A chemical reaction that involves 2 organic molecules that are going to be connected by the removal of OH and H
H2O is found on the 2 organic molecules connected by a covalent bond
Anabolism
Carbohydrate elements
CHO (1:2:1 ratio)
