Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is inductive reasoning?
A
Specific observations to general ones.
2
Q
What is deductive reasoning?
A
General observations to specific ones.
3
Q
What are model organisms?
A
Organisms that can serve as a base for experiments (ex: a mouse representing mammals)
4
Q
What is an independent variable?
A
The variable being tested/manipulated.
5
Q
What is a dependent variable?
A
Dependent on independent; results.
6
Q
What is a control variable?
A
Baseline, on altered variable.
7
Q
What is a hypothesis?
A
A logical testable explanation of an
observed phenomenon
8
Q
What is a control treatment?
A
Treatments used
for comparison that should give a
predicted result
9
Q
What are 7 themes of life?
A
Order, evolutionary adaptations, energy processing, growth and development, response to stimuli, reproduction, regulation (homeostasis).
10
Q
What are two characteristics of a hypothesis?
A
Cannot be proven true, must be testable.
11
Q
What are the 5 unifying themes in biology?
A
Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution
12
Q
What are the levels of complexity?
A
Atoms, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, body system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
13
Q
What are genes made of?
A
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
14
Q
What is an expression of genes?
A
How a cell becomes what it is.
15
Q
What is a genome?
A
All the genes in a cell.
16
Q
What is evolutionary theory?
A
Species come from other species, and species change over time
17
Q
What is natural selection?
A
How species change over time, explains diversity of life
18
Q
What are the main points of evolution described by Charles Darwin?
A
Decent with modification from common ancestors, natural selection was a a mechanism
19
Q
What are ionic bonds?
A
Electrons are transferred, results in ions (charged atoms)
20
Q
What are covalent bonds?
A
Sharing a pair of electrons, multiple bonds possible
21
Q
How do atoms combine to form molecules?
A
Through bonding
22
Q
What does polar mean?
A
Pulling harder
23
Q
How many bonds can carbon have?
A
4
24
Q
What elements make 98% of living things?
A
CHONSP
25
How do you calculate atomic mass?
Protons + neutrons
26
How do you calculate atomic weight?
Number of protons
27
What are isotopes?
may be unstable, different forms of an element dependent on neutrons
28
What determines the behavior of an atom?
Number of electrons in valence (outer) shell
29
What is an anion?
A negatively charged atom
30
What is a cation?
A positively charged atom
31
What are chemical reactions?
The making and breaking of bonds
32
Define water
a polar molecule that makes up all cells
33
What are properties of water?
Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, low specific heat, evaporation
34
What is a solvent?
Agent that dissolves.
35
What is a mole (M)?
6.02x10^23 molecules per gram
36
What is molarity?
Moles per liter
37
What is the pH of water?
7
38
What are acids?
Donate protons (H+), decrease pH
39
What are bases?
Reduce protons or add OH-, help stabilize internal cell pH
40
What would be a 0 on the pH scale?
Acidic
41
What would be a 14 on the pH scale?
Basic
42
What makes 96% of living matter?
CHON
43
An ion with six protons, seven neutrons, and a charge of 2+ has an atomic number of?
6
44
The reactivity of an atom arises from?
The presence of unpaired electrons
45
A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a?
surface of hydrocarbons
46
What are the emergent properties of water?
Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
47
Fewer protons=
acidic
48
More protons=
basic
49
What are isomers?
same number and types of atoms
50
What determines function?
shape
51
What are types of isomers?
structural, cis-trans (two opposite), enantiomers (mirror)
52
What are the four main classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
53
What are the most abundant organic compounds?
Carbohydrates
54
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars, backbones
55
What are monomers?
building blocks
56
What are polymers?
many monomers linked together
57
What is dehydration synthesis?
Removing a water molecule to form a covalent bond
58
What are disaccharides?
Two simple sugars bonded through dehydration synthesis
59
What is used for storage?
starch and glycogen
60
What is used for structural?
cellulose and chitin
61
What uses alpha?
starch
62
What uses beta?
cellulose
63
How are carbohydrates formed?
rings
64
What are short chains?
Oligosaccharides
65
What are long chains?
Polysaccharides
66
Is glucose alpha or beta?
can have both structures
67
What are lipids?
Store energy (higher than carbs), hydrophobic, mostly C, H
68
What are triglycerides?
One glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
69
What are fatty acids?
saturated or unsaturated, 16-18 carbons
70
What is a saturated fat?
max hydrogen
71
What is an unsaturated fat?
fewer hydrogen
72
What is wax?
lipids with long chain polyol instead of glycerol
73
What are phospholipids?
hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, like fat but one fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group
(polar phosphate head group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails joined by a glycerol backbone)
74
What is hydrolysis?
Adding a water molecule
75
What is a nucleotide made of?
a sugar attached to a phosphate group with a nitrogen base
76
What are proteins?
polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
77
What is the primary structure of proteins?
sequence of amino acids fastened by peptide bonds
78
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
Hydrogen bonds between amino acids
79
What is the tertiary structure of proteins?
folding by interactions among R groups
80
What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
association of more polypeptides
81
What are functions of a protein?
Enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, motor, and structural
82
What determines a protein's function?
shape
83
What determines the production of
proteins in a cell?
information from genes
84
What are two types of nucleic acids?
DNA RNA
85
What is DNA?
double stranded H bonds that store information, deoxyribose
86
What is RNA?
single stranded can have internal H bonds, copying data from DNA, ribose
87
What is the function of RNA?
information expression to make proteins
88
What is ATP?
chemical form of energy, ribonucleotide
89
What have cell walls?
plants
90
What are the domains of life?
Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya (living things, plants animals)
91
What is spontaneous generation?
cells can just appear or be made
92
What is cell theory?
all living things are made from cells and cells can only make other cells
93
What is the theory of endosymbiosis?
mitochondria used to be free roaming bacteria before a host form absorbed them
94
What do all cells have in common?
cell membrane (phospholipids), cytosol, DNA, ribosomes
95
What are two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
96
What is a prokaryotic cell?
"primitive" cell with no full nucleus,
97
What is a eukaryotic cell?
"advanced" cell with full nucleus (nucleus envelope)
98
Who disproved spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur through swan-neck flask
99
What is a nucleus?
a membrane bound organelle that contains chromosomes
100
What is a chloroplast?
plastids, cells that utilize photosynthesis in plants
101
How is DNA used?
DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so it copies its info as a RNA which can leave through pores in the cell membrane. Proteins meet the RNA for instructions.
102
What is Rough ER?
cell membrane that is an arrival zone, produces transportation enzymes/proteins
103
What is Smooth ER?
cell membrane, detoxify, has lipids that store calcium ions, generates more membrane
104
What affects enzymes?
pH, temperature, heavy metals
105
What are parts of the internal endomembrane system?
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
106
How are enzymes regulated?
Allosteric inhibition/activation (changing the shape)
107
How do enzymes function?
pathways
108
How can enzyme functions be halted?
feedback inhibition (pathways being controlled at key points)
109
What is oxidation?
losing an electron
110
What is reduction?
gaining an electron
111
What is the Golgi apparatus?
packaging, sorting, and shipping through vesicles (transporters)
112
What are lysosomes?
membrane enclosed organelles that break down polymers, recycle and digestion
113
What is autophagy?
self-eating
114
What is phagocytosis?
cells eating bacteria
115
What are neutrophils?
first responding white blood cells
116
What are peroxisomes?
small vesicles, detox, make hydrogen peroxide through oxidation
117
What are vacuoles?
tonoplasts (single membrane) liquid filled in plants; regulate water and store organic acids
118
What are cis-face (near Golgi apparatus)?
receives vesicles
119
What is Mitochondria?
double membrane organelle that is responsible for cellular respiration
120
What are cristae?
inner membrane folds of a mitochondrion
121
What is a matrix?
has RNA, enzymes, and cellular respiration
122
What is plasmodesmata?
cytoplasm in plant cells
123
What are 2 functions of the plasma membrane?
Enzyme reactions, transportation
124
What is tonicity?
water balance in cells
125
What is hypotonic?
water is entering cell, less solute and more water concentration
126
What is hypertonic?
water is leaving cell, more solute and less water concentration
127
What is isotonic?
water enters and leaves cell at same rate
128
What environments is an animal cell lysed and a plant cell turgid?
hypotonic
129
What environment is an animal cell normal and a plant cell flaccid?
isotonic
130
What environment is an animal cell lysed and a plant cell plasmolyzed?
hypertonic
131
What do contractile vacuoles do?
pump out water
132
What is the regulation of water?
osmoregulate
133
What is passive transport?
high to low concentration, does not require energy
134
What is active transport?
requires energy to move, low to high concentration
135
What is catabolism?
breakdown of molecules to smaller ones, gonic reactions
136
What is the cytoskeleton?
railroads that hold the cell shape
137
What are types of cytoskeleton?
microfillament, intermediate, microtubule
138
What holds cells together?
Pectin in plants, collagen/proteoglycan in animals
139
What connect cells?
plasmodesmata in plants, gap junctions in animals
140
Where is genetic information housed?
nucleus
141
What are ribosomes?
3 rRNA+ and proteins, can be free or bound (to ER)
142
What are used for movement by certain cells
flagella
143
What is the thick fluid inside cells?
cytosol
144
What are structures within cells that assemble proteins?
ribosomes
145
What carry genes?
chromosomes
146
What is not part of the endomembrane system?
Mitochondria
147
Which type of ER would you expect the cells of the liver to have in greater abundance than other cells?
Smooth ER (detoxify)
148
What organelles are involved in the metabolism of fatty acids?
peroxisomes
149
True or false: A mitochondrion has three separate phospholipid bilayers.
False, it has two separate plasma membranes.
150
What is responsible for converting food to ATP?
Mitichondria
151
What is fluid found within the chloroplast of a plant?
stroma
152
True or false: Gap junctions prevent substances from leaking through cell layers.
False, tight junctions prevent substances from leaking through cell layers.
153
What is the pathway proteins use to leave cells?
Rough ER - Golgi - vesicles - cell exterior
154
What are motor proteins?
transportation proteins (use ATP) that carry vesicles across microtubules
155
What is the function of tight junctions?
prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells
156
What is semi-permeable barrier?
cell membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through while not allowing others
157
What is the protoplasm?
cell membrane and its contents
158
What is cytoplasm?
cytosol and organelles
159
What is a fluid mosaic model?
model of cell membrane, not static
160
What is cell membrane made of?
phospholipids
161
Which is not part of the cytoskeleton?
collagen fibers
162
What are proteins within cell membrane?
integral and peripheral
163
What is an integral protein?
Protein that is involved with the movement of molecules through the cell membrane
164
What is a peripheral protein?
Not embedded in membrane
165
What determines cell membrane fluidity?
movement of lipids, temperature, cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity (mid temp) and hinders solidification (low temp)
166
What are functions of membrane proteins?
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction
167
What are channel proteins?
allow molecules to pass through membrane (no energy)
168
What is diffusion?
molecules scattering randomly
169
What is facilitated diffusion?
transportation of molecules that does not require energy, with concentration gradient
170
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water
171
What are carrier proteins?
proteins in membrane that change shape to move molecules (bound), only use energy when against concentration gradient
172
What is primary transportation?
ATP used immediately/directly
173
What is secondary transportation?
ATP broken down for proton-coupled transport
174
What is proton-coupled transport?
transport that uses energy, protons are pumped out and bring molecules back into the cell
175
What is the cell wall of a plant?
cellulose
176
What is the cell wall of bacteria?
peptidoglycan (amino sugars and amino acids)
177
What is the cell wall of fungi?
chitin (polymer of amino sugar)
178
What is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in cells
179
What is anabolism?
synthesis, reactions that make things
180
What is an exergonic reaction?
reactions that release energy
181
What is an endergonic reaction?
reactions that require energy
182
What is energy?
the capacity to work
183
How do catalysts speed up a reaction?
they lower the energy needed to undergo a reaction
184
What is kinetic energy?
energy by movement (a bouncing ball)
185
What is potential energy?
stored energy (a person standing on a diving board)
186
What is the Law of Thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed form
187
What is a characteristic of energy reactions?
entropy, not all energy is used 100% (loss of energy from reactions)
188
How do enzymes work in reactions?
apoenzyme and a coenzyme bond, the substrate can then fit into the full enzyme's activation site
189
What is an intestinal enzyme?
trypsin
190
What is a stomach enzyme?
pepsin
191
How are enzymes regulated?
allosteric (inhibition/activation);
feedback inhibition (controlled on key pathways)
192
What determines amount of energy?
more hydrocarbons (carbs, lipids) more energy
193
Is oxidation exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic (lose electron)
194
Is reduction exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic (gain elextron)
195
How are electrons sometimes used in redox?
as H
196
What are the steps of cellular respiration?
glycosis, purivate oxidation (linking step), citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
197
What are two electron accepting molecules used in cellular respiration?
NAD+ and FAD+
198
What enzyme does NAD+ require?
dehydrogenase
199
What is glycosis?
sugar breaking step in cytosol, glucose - partial oxidation - pyruvate + small amount of ATP
200
What is the citric acid cycle?
occurs in matrix of mitochondrion, complete oxidation of pyruvate + CO2 (breathed out) + small amount of ATP
201
What is the oxidative phosphorylative step?
happens in mitochondrion membrane, electron transport, uses oxygen to make ATP; transfer of phosphate from substrate molecule
regenerates NAD+ through electron transport chain
202
Simplify glycosis
sugar breaking partial oxidation
glucose = 2 pyruvate
(2 ATP, 2 NADH)
6 carbon - 3 carbon based molecules
2 phases
203
What are the two phases of glycosis?
energy investment phase (2 ATP), payoff phase (generate 2 ATP)
204
What is the linking step of cellular respiration?
Pyruvate oxidation, NAD takes H from pyruvate, becomes NADH
205
What is the citric acid cycle?
runs two times (2 pryruvate per glucose), produce 1 ATP, CO2 made
3 NADH, 1 FADH2
done when no carbon left in glucose
206
What is the primary function of the oxidative phosphorylation step?
make ATP
207
Simplify oxidative phosphorylation
in cristae, NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidized (recycled as NAD+ and FAD+)
electron transport chain, this step uses oxygen
4 components of transport chain
regenerates NAD+
208
What is the energy yield of cellular respiration?
1 step = 2 ATP
2 step = 2 ATP
3 step = 28ish ATP
30-32 final yield ATP
209
What is anaerobic respiration?
chemical (sulfate/nitrate) used as an alternative to oxygen, mostly in soil bacteria
210
What is fermentation?
alternative to respiration, has glycolysis but no oxygen, no electron transport, no citric cycle, small ATP yield
211
Reoxidized form of NADH is
NAD+
212
What is a glycoprotein?
proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain
213
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
214
What is oxidative level phosphorylation?
the use of O2 to oxide NADH to generate ATP
(electron transport chain)
215
What is chemiosmosis?
the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of a biological membrane
216
What are most common organic acids?
carhoxylic acid
217
What component is found in DNA but not RNA?
thymine
218
Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16. How many electrons does oxygen have?
8
219
Which of the following is not an organic molecule?
carbon dioxide
methane
glucose
all above are organic
carbon dioxide
220
What is the strongest type of bond?
covalent bond
221
Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration of H+?
vinegar pH 3
tomato juice pH 4
urine pH 6
seawater pH 8
vinegar
lower the pH the higher the H+
222
Organic acids are characterized by which of the following groups:
carboxyl
amino
alchohol
cartonyl
carboxyl
223
Which part of cell controls transport of molecules in/out?
cell membrane
224
Which nitrogenous base is in DNA but not RNA?
thymine
225
Chemical reaction where products have less free energy than reactions:
exergonic
226
Terminal electron acceptor in respiration is:
oxygen
227
When NAD+ gets hydrogen atom (not proton) it becomes:
reduced
228
In oxidative phosphorylation what accumulates in intermembrane that is potential energy to generate ATP?
protons
229
Where does most of ATP from respiration come from?
oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
230
In fermentation how is NADH re-oxidized into NAD+?
reducing pyruvate
