Unit 1 Flashcards by Hannah Lusk

The study of the structure of an organism

Anatomy

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The study of the functions of an organisms anatomy

Physiology

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The study of genes in an organism

Genetics

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Stomach, Heart

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

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Microscope

Microscopic Anatomy

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Reproductive

Developmental/Embryology Anatomy

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Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ-System
Organismal

Levels of Body Organization

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Head, Neck, Trunk, contains major body cavities

Axial Skeleton

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Upper and Lower limbs

Appendicular Skeleton

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Composed of skin, hair, nails, and associated glands {sweat and oil}

Integumentary System

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Composed of bones, ligaments {bone to bone}, and cartilages

Skeletal System

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Composed of muscles and tendons {muscle to bone}

Muscular System

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Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs

Nervous System

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Composed of glands which secrete hormones such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, thymus, testes, and ovaries

Endocrine System

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Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins

Cardiovascular System

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Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

Lymphatic System

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Composed of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines

Digestive System

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Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Respiratory System

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Composed of the kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra

Urinary System

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Composed of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis

Male Reproductive System

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Composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

Female Reproductive System

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Feet are forwards, arms are at side, thumbs are facing out, and head is facing forwards

Standard Anatomical Position

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Closer to the head

Superior

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Both used when speaking about the torso {axial skeleton}

Both Superior and Inferior

Closer to the hips

Inferior

Backside {behind}

Posterior

Towards the midline

Medial

Away from the midline

Lateral

Towards the axial skeleton, towards major joints {shoulder/hip}

Proximal

Away from the axial skeleton, towards digits {fingers/toes}

Distal

A line that divides the body in half

Median/Midline

Same side of the body, same side of the midline

Ipsilateral

Opposite side of the midline

Contralateral

Towards the surface

Superficial

Away from the surface

Deep

Outward arteries {in limbs away from core}

Peripheral

Cut into left and right halves

Sagittal Section

Cut which divides the body into equal right and left halves at the median or midline

Midsagittal Section

Cut which divides the body into unequal right and left portions and is lateral to the midline

Parasagittal Section

Cuts the body in superior and inferior halves {top half/bottom half}

Transverse

Cuts the body in anterior/posterior portions

Frontal

A cut across the short axis of a cylindrical organ

Cross Section

A cut at a diagonal through a cylindrical organ

Oblique Section

A cut along the long axis of a cylindrical organ

Longitudinal Section

Head Neck Trunk Groin Arms Legs

Regional Names

Near the posteriot portion of the head includes the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Dorsal Body Cavity

Brain

Cranial Cavity

Includes the thoracic cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

Superiot portion of the ventral cavity, is divided into 3 smaller cavities. heart: pericardium 2 lungs: 2 pleveral cavities

Thoracic Cavity

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin, is divided into 2 sections

Adominiopelvic Cavity

Stomach

Adominal Cavity

Pelvis

Pelvic Cavity

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Four Major Tissues

Covers the body and organs, forms glands, lines our body cavities and hollow organs, has a free surface {basement membrane}, is avascular, cells are named based on shape of cell and layers of cell

Epithelial Tissue

1 layer, flat cells, thin and easy to pass through, makes blood vessels

Simple Squamus

1 layer, cubed, lines kidney's and ovaries

Simple Cuboidal

1 layer, columned, has cillia or microvilli, lines intestines

Simple Columnar

Special, single layer of elongate cells, appears striated b/c nuclei at 2 or more levels, sometimes contains cilia and/ or gobley cells, found in respiratory passage ways

Pseudo Stratified Columnar

Multiple layers of flat cells, outer layer of skin {epidermis}

Stratified Squamus

2-3 layers of cube shaped cells, make up mammary, salivary, and sweat glands

Stratified Cuboidal

Multiple layer columnar cells, cubed cells at the bottom, column at the top

Stratified Columnar

Shape changes in response to tension, makes up the bladder

Transitonal Epithelium

Most abundant tissue, is vascular, is extracelluar matrix, cells can usually divide, supports and protects, protects against infection, binds structures

Connective Tissue

Red and White blood cells and platelets

Blood

Plasma

Fluid Matrix

Transport: red blood cells, nurtrienys in waste out Clotting: platelets Defense: white blood cells fight against infection

What does Fluid Matrix aid in?

Cells are called muscle fibers, contractile cells . Skeletal . Cardiac . Smooth

Muslce Tissue

Is Involuntary, has striations, has an intercalated disic {separates muscle fibers, 1 nucleus each}

Cardiac Muscle

Is voluntary, has striations, is multinucleated, connected to bones

Skeletal Muscle

Is involuntary, has no striations, has walls of organs, is in skin {goosebumps}

Smooth Muscle

Main cell: Neurons {conducts impulses} Support Cell: Neuroglia . Spinal Cord . Peripheral Nerves . Brain

Nervous Tissue

Cephallic: Head Cervical: Neck Orbital: eyes Facial: Face Buccal: Cheeck Oral: Mouth Axillary: Armpit Nasal: Nose Octic: Ear Abdominal: Stomach Umbillical: Belly button Brachial: Arm Antecubital: front of elbow Carpal: Wrist Tarsal: Ankle Femoral: Thigh Inguinal: Groin Patella: Kneecap Palmar: Palm Cranial: Skull Dorsal: Back Gluteal: Butt Popliteal: Back of knee Lumbar: Loin Antebrachial: Forearm Calacaneal: Heal Acronomial: Shoulder Olecranal: Back of elbow Sacral: Lowerback Pelvic: Pelvis Digital: Toes/Fingers Crural: Legs Pubis: Pubic Mammary: Breasts

Bones Part 1

Carpals: Wrists Clavicle: Collarbone femur: Thigh Frontal bone: Forehead Humerus: Arm Mandible: Jaw Maxilla: Mustache Metacarpals: Hands Metatarsals: Feet Fibula: Slendor bone lateral to the fibula in the lower leg Occipital bone: unpaired bone at the posterior of the neurocranium in the skull Parietal Bone: is a flat bone in the neurocranium of the skull Patella: Kneecap Pelvic Girdle: Pelvis Phalanges: Fingers Radius: Is the shortest of the three longe bones of the upper limb Ribcage: Ribs Scapula: Shoulder blade Sphenoid: unpaired bone in the neurocranium of the skull Sternum: is the central blade of the sternum and is located between the manubroim Tarsals: ankles Temporal bone: is a flat bone

Bones Part 2