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Bio-105 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be converted between forms.

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2
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Conversion of energy from one form to another results in a loss of energy as heat.

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3
Q

Entropy is…

A

The byproduct of the use and conversion of energy.

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4
Q

What do all organic things have/had in them?

A

Oxygen and Hydrogen.

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4
Q

What needs to happen to release energy?

A

Break ATP bonds.

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4
Q

What does ATP become after the bond is broken?

A

ADP.

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4
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides.

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5
Q

What are the monomers of lipids/fats called?

A

Glycerol.

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5
Q

What are the polymers of lipids/fats called?

A

Triglycerides.

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5
Q

What are the polymers of carbohydrates called?

A

Polysaccharides.

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6
Q

What are the monomers of protein called?

A

Amino Acids.

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7
Q

What are the polymers of protiens called?

A

Polypeptides/Proteins.

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8
Q

Dehydration Synthesis…

A

Joins monomers into polymers.

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9
Q

Hydrolysis…

A

Breaks polymers into monomers.

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10
Q

Which nutrient is the easiest to be absorbed (preferred energy source)?

A

Carbohydrates.

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11
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrophobic…

A

False.

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12
Q

How many types of carbohydrates are talked about?

A

3.

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13
Q

There are 3 different types of lipids talked about…

A

True.

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14
Q

Cholesterol is a type of…

A

Lipid.

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15
Q

Triglycerides (lipids) function as…

A

Energy storage.

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16
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic.

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids…

A
  • Carbons only bond to hydrogens
  • Less hydrophobic
  • Form bent chains
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17
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A
  • Carbons are bound to two carbons and two hydrogens
  • Hydrophobic
  • Form long straight chains
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18
Q

Lipids are used for…

A

Long-term storage.

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19
What links amino acids together to make polypeptides?
Peptide bonds.
19
Amino Acids are made of...
* A central carbon linked to an amino group * A carboxyl group * A variable R group
20
Which nutrient takes the longest to digest?
Proteins.
21
What is mechanical digestion?
Physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion.
22
What is chemical digestion?
Process that breaks down nutrients using enzymes.
23
What is the role of the mouth, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
Mechanically and chemically breaks down food.
24
What is the role of the esophagus, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
Transport food to the stomach.
25
What is the role of the small intestine, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
MAJOR organ of digestion and absorption.
25
What is the role of the stomach, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
Mechanically mixes food into chyme.
26
What is the role of the liver, a secondary organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
* Produces bile and processes * Stores nutrients
27
What is the role of the large intestine, a major organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
* Eliminates indigestible materials * Reabsorbs water
28
What is the role of the pancreas, a secondary organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
* Produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine * Regulates blood sugar levels
28
What is the role of the Gallblader, a secondary organ of digestion, during the process of digestion?
Stores bile.
29
These are fingerlike projections inside the small intestine that increase surface area and absorption?
Micro Villi.
30
What nutrients enter the circulatory system?
Carbohydrates and proteins.
31
What nutrients enter the lymphatic system?
Lipids/ fatty acids.
32
What do lacteals do?
Transport fat-soluble molecules.
33
What is an enzyme?
A catalysts, also a protein that speed up chemical reactions.
34
Substrates bind to enzymes where?
Active site.
34
Enzymes are not altered or used up during reactions so...
They can be used multiple times.
35
What do enzymes lower
Energy needed to produce chemical reactions.
36
What regulates enzymes?
Temperature and PH.
37
What happens if an enzyme goes into an area that is ideal for them?
They can be denatured.
38
What digestive enzymes are first used to break down carbohydrates?
Amylase.
38
What digestive enzymes are used secondly to further break down carbohydrates?
Maltas.
39
What digestive enzymes are first used to break down proteins?
Trypsin.
40
What digestive enzymes are first used to break down lipids/fats?
Bile.
40
What digestive enzymes are used secondly to further break down proteins?
Peptidase.
41
What digestive enzymes are used secondly to further break down proteins?
Lipase.
42
What are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?
* Lack a nucleus * Lack organelles
43
What are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?
Contain membrane-bound nucleus organelles.
44
What 2 places can energy be converted into chemical (ATP) energy is...
Cytoplasm (plant) and mitochondria.
45
What is the function of the nucleus organelle in a cell?
* Information processing * Holds genetic information
46
What is the function of the ribosome organelle in a cell?
* Information processing * Genetic information is used to make protein
47
What is the function of the mitochondria organelle in a cell?
* Converts energy into ATP
48
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) organelle in a cell?
* Rough ER produces proteins * Smooth ER produces lipids and carbohydrates
49
What is the function of the lysosome organelle in a cell?
Digestion of incoming nutrients
50
What is the function of the plasma membrane organelle in a cell?
Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
51
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus organelle in a cell?
* processes molecules * sorts molecules * Transports molecules
52
What is the function of the centrioles organelle in a cell?
Helps cells divide, or make copies of themselves
53
What is the byproduct made when the mitochondria produces ATP?
CO2
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Bio-105 (1 decks)

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