Unit 1

Question 1

Covalent Bond

Answer 1

atoms sharing electrons, results in polarity

Question 2

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 2

weak interactions between + & - molecule interactions

Question 3

High Specific Heat

Answer 3

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost, caused by Hydro-Bonding and it minimizes temperature fluctuations

Question 4

Polarity

Answer 4

allows water molecules to hydrogen bonds with each other

Question 5

Monomer

Answer 5

chemical subunits used to create polymers

Question 6

Solute

Answer 6

the substance that is dissolved

Question 7

Aqueous

Answer 7

solution in which the water is the solvent

Question 8

Solvent

Answer 8

dissolving agent

Question 9

Carbonyl

Answer 9

> C=O, can be in middle or end of carbon chain

Question 10

Carboxyl

Answer 10

COOH, like acid, donates H+ ions to solution, lowers PH

Question 11

Methyls

Answer 11

CH3, Nonpolar Functional Group

Question 12

Amino Acids

Answer 12

NH2, acts like a base (picks up H+ ions to solutions and raises PH)

Question 13

Hydroxyl

Answer 13

OH, found in alcohols, can make substances dissolve in water

Question 14

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Answer 14

-both are fatty acids
-one is saturated w/C, only single C-C bonds, it’s from animals, and solid at room temp.
-other is saturated with double bonds C=C, plant & fish based, and liquid at room temp

Question 15

Main Atoms in Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Answer 15

Lipids:CH
Carbs:CHO
Proteins:CHON(S)
Nucleic Acids:CHONP(S)

Question 16

Phospholipids

Answer 16

phosphate group with 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails
tails are hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic
-amphicpathic molecule ( has a charged and nonpolar area)

Question 17

Ionic Bonds

Answer 17

-occurs between metals losing electrons and non-metals gaining electrons
-ions with opposite charges will also make this bond
-pos charge: cation
-neg charge: anion

Question 18

Isomers

Answer 18

molecules that aren’t exactly the same but are set up simlarly, same molecular # but different properties due to structure

Question 19

Capillary Action

Answer 19

result of both adhesion and cohesion in water

Question 20

Polarity

Answer 20

caused by the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen atoms, so the bond interactions is what ultimately made cohesion and adhesion happen

Question 21

Polar covalent bond

Answer 21

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 22

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 22

equal sharing electrons

Question 23

Which bonds can water dissolve

Answer 23

ionic & polar covalent

Question 24

Cohesion

Answer 24

+ surface tension, transports water with gravity pull, water molecules sticking together

Question 25

Adhesion

Answer 25

attraction between different substances, counters downward gravity pull, water molecules sticking to other substances

Question 26

R Groups

Answer 26

determine protein size, shape, charge, and hydrophobicity, dictate how the amino acid behaves in a protein structure. For example, a large, polar R group will make the amino acid more hydrophilic, while a small, nonpolar R group will make it more hydrophobic

Question 27

Carbohydrates Monomer & Bond

Answer 27

monomer is monosaccharides, bond is glycosidic linkage

Question 28

Lipids Monomer & Bond

Answer 28

monomer is fatty acids, bond is ester linkages

Question 29

Proteins Monomer & Bond

Answer 29

monomer is amino acids, bond is polypeptides

Question 30

Nucleic Acids Monomer & Bond

Answer 30

monomer is nucleotides, bond is phosphodiester links

Question 31

Nucleic Acids Directionality

Answer 31

the linear sequence of all nucleic acids is characterized by a 3’ hydroxyl and a 5’ phosphate group of the sugar in the nucleotide, antiparallel 5’-3’ direction

Question 32

DNA

Answer 32

carries genetic code, deoxyribose sugar, double helix shape, adenine & thymine, cytosine & guanine

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

synthesizes proteins, ribose sugar, unwound DNA, adenine & uracil, cytosine & guanine

Question 34

Primary Structure of Proteins

Answer 34

is the sequence pf amino acids put together by covalent bonds

Question 35

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Answer 35

through the folding at the amino acid chain into elements called alpha halicers & beta sheets

Question 36

Teritiary Structure of Proteins

Answer 36

overall shape created and bonds +interactions start to stabilize row

Question 37

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Answer 37

comes from the interactions with multiple polypeptide chains

Question 38

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 38

inherited blood disorder, single amino acid substitution occurs in hemoglobin

Question 39

Chitin

Answer 39

is the bug’s crunchy outside, structural polysaccharide

Question 40

Dehydration Reactions

Answer 40

When H2O (Water) is removed from a monomer to create a bond with another monomer.

Question 41

Hydrolysis Reactions

Answer 41

When H2O (Water) is added to a monomer to break it’s bond with another monomer.