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Anthropology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

the idea that your own culture is better than other people’s culture

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2
Q

cultural relativism

A

viewing a society’s customs and ideas within the context of that society’s own problems/opportunities

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3
Q

what is culture?

A

a set of learned shared behaviors in a particular society or social group

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4
Q

characteristics of culture

A

it is
- learned
- shared
-patterened
-symbolic

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5
Q

enculturation

A

the informal way of learning culture

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6
Q

socialization

A

formal instruction of culture

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7
Q

T/F? Modern humans developed from Apes

A

False

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8
Q

Why do we study primates?

A

to understand early and modern human behavior

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9
Q

What traits do all primates have?

A

-adapted for Arboreal (tree) Living
-clavicles
-rotating forearm
-grasping hands/feet(except humans)
-opposable thumb
-forward eyes
-reduction in nose/ sense of smell
-parental investment
-sociality

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10
Q

lemurs

A

-mostly found in Madagascar
-diverse
-retain the MOST primitive primate traits

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11
Q

Why are lemurs only found in Madagascar?

A

-their ancestors were out-competed and replaced by other primates
-Madagascar is an isolated island

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12
Q

What is the name of the most famous primate researcher?

A

Jane Goodall

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13
Q

What is the “New world”

A

central and South America

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14
Q

What is the “Old World”

A

Africa, Asia, and Europe

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15
Q

What does the new world consist of

A

monkeys

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16
Q

what does the old world consisit of

A

monkeys AND apes

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17
Q

Characteristics of new world monkeys

A

-all live in trees
- small to medium in size
-flat nose
-sideward nostrils
-some have grasping tails

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18
Q

characteristics of old world monkeys

A

-arboreal(tree) and/ or terrestrial(ground) living
-downward nostrils
- sexual dimorphism (males are larger than females)
- no prehensile tails

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19
Q

which world of monkeys are Humans closely related to?

A

REMEMBER (we are both related to old and new) but we are closer to OLD WORLD MONKEYS

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20
Q

Apes consist of?

A

Gibbons, Orangutans, gorillas, chimps/bonobos, humans

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21
Q

characteristics of apes

A

-no tail
larger brain-to-body mass ratio
-increased period of development and dependency
-brain complexity

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22
Q

What is the best place to look for ancient hominids?

A

The Great Rift Valley (Africa)

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23
Q

How do we know how old a fossil is?

A

By using Potassium-Argon Dating (K-Ar)
-K is found in volcanic ash and K-Ar measures the rate of decay of K into Ar over time.
*potassium becomes argon gas over time, so the more argon gas and less potassium, the older the sediment

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24
Q

Bipedalism

A

walking on two legs

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25
Q

What two things make us human

A

bipedalism and brain development

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26
Q

Austrolopithecus aferensis

A

-3-4 mya
-Found in Eastern Africa (Lucy)
-ape-like pelvis up, human-like pelvis down

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27
Q

A. Aferensis characteristics

A

-small brain
-long arms
-long curved fingers
-short

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28
Q

What allowed for brain development?

A

-increased calorie intake which let to problem solving and tool making

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29
Q

We are most distantly related to?

A

Chimps

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30
Q

Mary Leaky

A

She found remarkable evidence of bipedalism that way 3.6 mya in Laetoli

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31
Q

laetoli(Tanzania)

A

where significant evidence of bipedalism was found (3.6mya)

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32
Q

Hadar (Ethiopia)

A

Where lucy was found

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33
Q

Don Johanson

A

the person that found lucy

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34
Q

What is the order of the hominine evolution

A
  1. A.afrensis (3.5 mya)
  2. H. habilis (2.3-1.4 mya)
  3. h. erectus (1.8mya)
  4. h. florensis (200-50 kya)
  5. neanderthals (250-28 kya)
    6.AMH ( 200kya)
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35
Q

Where is H. habilis found

A

eastern and south africa

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36
Q

characteristics of h.habilis

A

-slightly larger brain case
-smaller face and teeth
-still has protruding face and brow ridges
-long arms
-scavengers

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37
Q

were h.habilis fully bipedal

A

yes, they were fully bipedal

38
Q

who is associated with the Oldowan tools

A

h.habilis

39
Q

what were the oldowan tools

A

used by h.habilis
they were bery simple and go the job done

40
Q

what are crude tools

A

stones that had a core but the tips were chopped off or flaked off

41
Q

Where did H.erectus develop

A

in east africa but spread to the southern “Old World”

42
Q

h. erectus characteristics

A

-larger brain
-flatter face
-skull shape is rounder
-brow ridges are present but are gettting smaller.
- from neck down they were human like

43
Q

Where were the first remains of h.erectus found

A

in Jave, Indonesia (1981)

44
Q

Who is richard Leakey

A

found the best preserved skeleton of h.erectus of a 12 yr boy

45
Q

What did h.erectus indicate?

A

that different parts of the human body are evolving at different rates

46
Q

Why did h.erectus use fire

A

to keep warm and cook food

47
Q

Could h.erectus speak?

A

Yes

48
Q

Which tools are associated with h.erectus

A

acheulean tools

49
Q

what are acheulean tools

A

they were large symmetrical, tear-dropped shaped hand axes
-the tool is complex

50
Q

what are the cultural adaptations necessary for living in northern latitiudes

A

-use of fire
-clothing/shelter
-large-mammal hunting

51
Q

what characteristics happen through time?

A

-as time passes by,
-eyebrow ridges get smaller
-brain gets bigger
-teeth gets smaller

52
Q

who was the first to expand from africa

A

h. erectus

53
Q

where did h. florensis live

A

indonesian island of flores

54
Q

characteristics of h.florensis

A

extremely small humans
-existed between 100-500 kya
-made toold
-dead end

55
Q

where are neaderthals found

A

in central europe but they occupied a large area

56
Q

What tool were neaderthals associated with

A

mousterian tool

57
Q

what were mousterian tools

A

-they were smaller flake tooks
-more complex

58
Q

characteristics of neaderthals

A
  • large noses
    -large brow ridge
    -large occipital bun
    -slightly larger cranium capacity
    -shorter limps, height
    -thicker bones
59
Q

how are neatherdals different form humans?

A

-shorter in height and heavier/muscular than humans
-heavier faces

60
Q

which species buried their dead?

A

neanderthals

61
Q

which two species cared for the elderly

A

h. erectus and neanderthals

62
Q

how do we know neanderthals cared for each other?

A

healed broken bones were common

63
Q

What do dna studies suggest about neanderthals

A

-that they had red hair and pale skin

64
Q

did neanderthals speak

A

yes

65
Q

Why do features of neanderthals suggest that they were cold adapted people

A

b/c during their time, europe and asia were in the grip of the last ice age

66
Q

What is begman’s rule

A

populations in colder climates have larger bodies than populations in warmer climates

67
Q

What is allen’s rule

A

populations from colder climates usually have shorter limbs than populations from warmer climates.

68
Q

What time were the neanderthals gone

A

by 28 kya

69
Q

What is multiregional?

A

humans evolved from h. erectus in various places outside of africa from seperate populations

70
Q

what is replacement

A

proposes that populations of h.erectus and archaic h.sapiens became extinct in asia and europe and were REPLACED by modern humans immigrating from africa

71
Q

According to multiregional hypothesis are humans neanderthals?

A

yes b/c there was alot of interbreeding and modern people developed in different regions

72
Q

according to replacement hypothesis are humans neanderthals?

A

no, b/c there was no interbreediing, neanderthals were replaced by a different kind of human.

73
Q

Are we neanderthals?

A

we have a little percentage, theres a lot of replacement but a little bit of gene flow)

74
Q

Which hypothesis is actually correct

A

the replacement hypothesis.

75
Q

Who were the denisovans

A

they were a little closer to neanderthals and they bred with them

76
Q

what evidence is there that proved denisovians interbred with neanderthal

A

genetic evidence was found that a young girl’s bones that was sampled had a neanderthal mom and densisovian dad.

77
Q

Homo sapiens (Anatomically Modern Humans) characteristics

A

-small chin
-small brow ridge
-flatter face
-larger cranial capacity
-vertical forehead

78
Q

AMH origin?

A

Herto, Ethiopia 160 kya

79
Q

What were modern human tools

A

-blade tools
- bone tools (needles, fish hooks, harpoons)

80
Q

Which species brought art

A

modern humans

81
Q

When did the spread of AMH start

A

200kya
70kya they entered India
50kya they entered europe

82
Q

mitochondrial eve

A

a woman that we share genetic information with 200kya

83
Q

Modern variation of humans is linked to what factors

A

temperature and sunlight

84
Q

clines

A

infinine spread ex. skin tone

85
Q

Gloger’s rule

A

more heavily pigmented organisms are found in more humid sunnier environments (closer to the equator)

86
Q

did dark skin evolve to protect against skin cancer

A

unlikely, skin cancer occurs later in life

87
Q

folate

A

an essential nutrient (vitamin b-9) for dna synthesis and repair
-important for pregnacy
-important for sperm production

88
Q

why is it better to live with darksin in hotter places

A

it is better to have darksin so the uv rays dont interefere with the production of folate

89
Q

vitamin d is essential for?

A

bone growth and immune health

90
Q

how is skin explained

A

by exposure to uv radiation in relation to folate and vitamin d

91
Q

Why are race definitions arbitrary

A

there are no groups of people

Anthropology (3 decks)

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