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Cognitive Neuroscience > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

History of Cognitive Neuroscience, Structure and Function of Nervous System, Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience (129 cards)

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1
Q

(founder of clinical neuroscience)
laid groundwork for neurology and neuroanatomy, also named parts of the brain

A

Thomas Willis

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2
Q

british architect who created drawings of the human brain with Thomas Willis that remained the most accurate representations of the human brain for 200 years

A

Christopher Wren

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3
Q

the belief held by some such as Thales, that flesh-and-blood produce thoughts

A

Monism

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4
Q

the belief held by some such as Descartes, that the mind appears from elsewhere and is not the result of the machinations of the brain

A

Dualism

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5
Q

localizationist who studied convulsions of seizures and topographic organization

A

John Hughlings Jackson

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6
Q

discovered an area of the brain vital to speech production in the lesion of a patient - Broca’s Area

A

Paul Broca

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7
Q

discovered area of the brain vital to the ability to understand speech - Wernicke’s Area

A

Carl Wernicke

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8
Q

Where is speech production located?

A

Broca’s Area

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9
Q

Where is speech comprehension located?

A

Wernicke’s Area

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10
Q

Who was the famous patient of Broca and Wernicke whose lesion led to their discoveries?

A

Leborgne

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11
Q

Who is known for cyrotectontics?

A

Korbinian Brodmann

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12
Q

a system to divide the cerebral cortex according to cytoarchitectural organization

A

Brodmann Areas

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13
Q

two physicians that provided the first widely recognized piece of experimental evidence for what would eventually be known as the motor cortex through their experimentation on dogs and the contralateral muscles of the brain

A

Fitz and Hitzig

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14
Q

(a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei)
integrative brain function is based on the coexistence and cooperative actions of many interwoven and interacting sub-mechanisms

A

syncytium

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15
Q

asserts that nerve tissue is composed of individual cells, which are genetic, anatomic, functional and trophic units

A

Neuron Doctrine

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16
Q

nerve cells that have specific functions - responsible for info processing and transport, make up 2% of body weight

A

neurons

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17
Q

carry signals to and from the brain in order for movement

A

motor neurons

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18
Q

carry external stimuli and repurposes to electrical stimuli

A

sensory neurons

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19
Q

fires brain signals

A

interneurons

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20
Q

sensory - touch

A

unipolar

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21
Q

sensory - retinal, olfactory

A

bipolar

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22
Q

motor, pyramidal, purknje

A

multipolar

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23
Q

amcine cell

A

anaxonic

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24
Q

grey matter

A

soma cell/body

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25
terminal buttons
release neruotransmitters
26
CNS - helps control neurons surrounding chemical environment, connects neurons to blood vessels - blood brain barrier, nourishes neurons and converts glucose
glial cells
27
myelin sheath, white matter, wrap axon, nodes of Ranvier
oligodendrocytes
28
What type of cells does multiple sclerosis damage?
oligodendrocytes
29
cells that protect the brain from invasion (immune system) make up the brain-blood barrier
microglia (phagocyte)
30
epithelial cells that are responsible for the production and regulation of cerebrospinal fluid
ependmyl cells
31
cells responsible for myelin sheath production
Schwann cell
32
semipermeable barrier membrane between the circulatory system and the central nervous system - consists of capillary walls with open gaps that permit flow
blood-brain barrier
33
What and where is an area in the brain where blood-brain barrier is weaker?
Area Postrema (located in the medulla oblongata)
34
amino acid neurotransmitter - main excitatory neuron in the brain involved with ESPS, NMDA and ADE receptors
glutamate
35
the main inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in IPSPs
GABA (gamma - aminobutyric acid)
36
What medication increases GABA?
benzodiazpines
37
neurotransmitter involved in movement in the central nervous system - dorsolateral pons and basal forebrain
Acetylchloine
38
monoamine involved in movement, attention, learning and drug use - plays a key role in major subsystems of the central nervous system (nirostriatal , mesolimbic, msocoritcol systems)
Dopamine
39
involved in behavioral excitation - locus coeruleus
norepinephrine/noradrenaline
40
involved in regulation of mood, eating, sleep, arousal and pain - Raphe Nuclei
serotonin/5-HT
41
involved in wakefulness
histamine
42
direct antangonist
competitive binding
43
indirect antangonist
noncompetitive binding
44
How do you prolong neurotransmitter's effects?
block reuptake
45
brain and spinal cord - encased by bone and cerebrospinal fluid
central nervous system
46
cranial and spinal nerves - peripheral ganglia
peripheral nervous system
47
front
anterior/rostral
48
back
posterior/caudal
49
top of brain - back of body
dorsal
50
bottom/underneath
ventral
51
towards the side
lateral
52
medial
towards the middle
53
ipsilateral
same side
54
contralateral
opposite side
55
superior
above
56
inferior
below
57
back of brain
caudal
58
protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord - consists of 3 layers... dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
meninges
59
How many lateral ventricles are in the ventricular system?
2
60
How do you access the 4th ventricle from the 3rd?
cerebral aqueduct
61
What are the purposes of the ventricles in the ventricular system?
to produce and store spinal fluid
62
What is the brain suspended in for support?
cerebrospinal fluid
63
What three chambers of the brain become ventricles?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
64
largest section of the brain - consists of telencephalon and dicenphaon and in control of the Cerebral cortex
forebrain
65
frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe
lobes of the cerebral cortex
66
occipital lobe
occipital
67
temporal lobe
language, auditory, emotion
68
frontal lobe
thinking, sense of self
69
parietal lobe
navigating environment, mathematics
70
lateralization of the cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
71
limbic system
limbic cortex
72
solidifies and strengthens memory
hippocampus
73
amygdala
processes fear/threat detection
74
What two components of the brain are involved in spatial memory?
fornix and mammillary bodies
75
caudate nucleus + putamen
basal ganglia
76
receives sensory and motor input - action selections, timing, tasks
substantia nigra
77
What is an important neurotransmitter that aids in learning and goal oriented behavior?
dopamine
78
thalamus + hypothalamus
diencephalon
79
visual sensory info center - relays
thalamus (central part)
80
regulates heart, breathing, and endocrine system - homeostasis
hypothalamus
81
What are the 4 Fs in the diencephalon?
feeding, fighting, flighting, fornicating
82
superior colliculi
sight stimuli
83
inferior colliculi
auditory stimuli
84
composed of the reticular formation, periaqua-ductal gray matter, red nucleus - responsible for arousal, attention, reflexes
tegmentum
85
What components of the brain make up the tectum?
superior and inferior colliculi
86
What components of the brain make up the hindbrain?
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
87
regulates cardiovascular system - cell body for cranial nerves
medulla oblongata
88
location of a majority of neurons - smooths movements
cerebellum
89
connects cerebellum to brainstem and handles input
pons
90
What make up the brainstem?
hindbrain and midbrain
91
takes in sensory info and relays it to the brain - composed of 5 sections of vertebrae
spinal cord
92
What are the two components of the peripheral nervous system?
somatic and autonomic
93
composed of the spinal and cranial nerves - afferent and efferent axons
somatic nervous system
94
composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
autonomic nervous system
95
fight or flight
sympathetic nervous system
96
rest and digest
parasympathetic nervous system
97
color and word recognition (congruent and incongruent)
stroop test
98
encode, compare, decide & respond - serial processing
stern-berg's memory comparison test
99
cerebral vascular accidents
strokes
100
narrowing or hardening of the blood vessels that occurs with old age
arteriosclerosis
101
the moving or breaking away of a blood clot - embolus/embolism
atherosclerosis
102
blood vessel expands and often bursts causing a brain hemorage
aneruryism
103
What is toxic to brain tissue?
blood
104
angiography
cardiovascular exam/scan
105
uncontrolled growth with no purpose (malignant or benign)
tumor (neoplasm)
106
malignant
cancerous
107
benign
noncancerous
108
How can tumors harm the brain?
through the infiltration of brain tissue or by pressure on the brain/brainstem
109
What type of malignant fast growing tumor is made up of glial cells?
gliomas
110
open v. closed head injury in which neurons inside the brain stretch or tear and do not always regenerate
traumatic brain injury
111
penetration of the head, skull, or brain and can be prone to infection of the object/site
open traumatic brain inury
112
injury to the brain by trauma
closed traumatic brain injury
113
concussions
mild traumatic brain injury
114
sudden excess of neuron activity
seizure
115
seizure disorder
epilepsy
116
What are the two types of seizures?
grand and petite mall
117
What are some methods to perturb neuron functions?
pharmacology, invasive stimulation methods, optogenetics, and noninvasive stimulation methods
118
What is an example of an invasive stimulation method?
deep brain stimulation
119
What are some examples of noninvasive stimulation methods?
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)
120
What scans provide a quicker and cheaper way to scan the gross anatomy of the brain using x-rays?
computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT)
121
What scan involves the interaction between radio frequency and a strong magnetic field? (focuses on the hydrogen protons and their charge within the body)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
122
variant of an MRI that measures direction and movement of water within the brain - can measure white matter tracts and the specific tracts to and from the brain
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
123
record action potentials
microelectrodes
124
mainly done in animals - visual research that looks at the receptive field and retinotopic maps - in humans looks at 'grandmother cells'
single cell recording
125
noninvasive method recording cortical activity and measuring electrons activity of a population of neurons
electroencephalography (EEG)
126
What is also collected with an EEG?
event related potential
127
reliant on hemodynamic/metabolic responses and measures blood flow via oxygen and glucose metabolism - reveals localization of radioactive tracer
positron emission tomography (PET)
128
relies on blood-flow following neural activity and blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals - manipulated oxygen protons
functional magnetic imaging (fMRIs)
129
1mm-3mm replicate structures of the brain representing the space of a problem within areas of the brain
voxels

Cognitive Neuroscience (2 decks)

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