Unit 1

Question 1

logical, rational, problem-solving way to investigate the world

Answer 1

Scientific Method

Question 2

A suggested explanation for a test that one can test

Answer 2

Hypothesis

Question 3

tested and confirmed explanation for observations and phenomena

Answer 3

Theory

Question 4

any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment

Answer 4

Variable

Question 5

contains every feature of the experimental group except it is not given the manipulation that the researcher hypothesizes

Answer 5

Control Group

Question 6

A suggested explanation for a test that one can test

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

Necessary qualifications for a hypothesis

Answer 7

It has to be testable

Question 8

aims to answer fundamental questions about biology

Answer 8

Basic Science

Question 9

uses the information from basic science to solve real-world problems

Answer 9

Applied Science

Question 10

Form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

Answer 10

Inductive Reasoning
Ex - I get tired if I don’t drink coffee. Coffee is addictive, I’m addicted to coffee.

Question 11

form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to predict specific results

Answer 11

Deductive Reasoning
Ex - All dogs have ears; golden retrievers are dogs, therefore they have ears.

Question 12

scientific papers that a scientist’s colleagues or peer reviews

Answer 12

Peer-Reviewed Manuscripts

Question 13

Process of Peer Review

Answer 13

They share their findings in order for other research to expand and build upon their discoveries.

Question 14

reports of original research that follow Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussions format. Also have an abstract (quick summary) along with references and acknowledgements.

Answer 14

Primary Sources

Question 15

summary and compile many primary sources, most common in literature reviews.

Answer 15

Secondary Sources

Question 16

unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions

Answer 16

Elements

Question 17

Elements of Highest Abundance

Answer 17

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Question 18

positively charges

Answer 18

Proton

Question 19

uncharged

Answer 19

Neutron

Question 20

negatively charged

Answer 20

Electron

Question 21

different forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Answer 21

Isotopes

Question 22

Some isotopes emit neutrons, protons, and electrons and attain a more stable atomic configuration. Radioactive decay then occurs which explains this process of the energy loss that occurs when an unstable atom’s nucleus releases radiation.

Answer 22

Radioisotopes

Question 23

use process to backtrack on normal human decay of the body to see how old something is and by seeing how much carbon converted into nitrogen

Answer 23

Carbon Dating

Question 24

Carbon-14 Half life

Answer 24

5,730 years

Question 25

Periodic Table (Atomic number and mass)

Answer 25

The elements are organized and displayed according to their atomic number and are arranged in a series of rows and columns based on shared chemical and physical properties, In addition it provides the atomic number for each element, and the elements atomic mass.

Question 26

the sharing of electrons between two molecules/atoms

Answer 26

Covalent Bonds

Question 27

some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electron and form ions. So when an ion is given to another ion and it isn’t shared.

Answer 27

Ionic Bonds

Question 28

negative ions that form by gaining electrons

Answer 28

Anion

Question 29

positive ions that form by losing electrons

Answer 29

Cation

Question 30

electrons are shared unequally between two atoms because of their electronegativity, so the electron will spend more time circling the oxygen atom in H20 then the hydrogen atom.

Answer 30

polar covalent bond

Question 31

form between two atoms of the same elements or between different elements that share the electrons equally, AKA they have the same electronegativity.

Answer 31

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

Question 32

weak interactions between (example) when a hydrogen is bonded to an electronegative atom and another one

Answer 32

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 33

In water what atoms are positively charged and which are negatively charged.

Answer 33

Hydrogen - slightly positive Oxygen - slightly negative

Question 34

What type of bond dorms between different water molecules?

Answer 34

Hydrogen Bond

Question 35

4 Properties of water that make it an ideal medium for life.

Answer 35

- Water is the Solvent for Life - It’s a polar solvent so it dissolves polar substances or Hydrophilic (water-loving) - Ice Floats on Water - The hydrogen bonds between ice is less dense than the water so the ice floats to the top, if ice sank lakes would freeze - Moderation of Temperature by Water - water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid and it takes it a lot longer to heat up or cool down than lets say land so animals may use it to regulate their temperature - Cohesion and Adhesion by Water Molecules - Cohesion (water molecules attracted to each other) and adhesion (attraction between water molecules and other molecules) is important for examples water uptake into trees from roots, and surface tension for some animals

Question 36

Relationship between concentration of hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions, and pH.

Answer 36

Hydrogen ions spontaneously generate in pure water by the ionization of a small percentage of water molecules into equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. Hydroxide are kept in solution by their hydrogen atoms bonding with other water molecules, the hydrogen ions attract to un-ionized water molecules forming hydronium ions.

Question 37

When the pH is acidic..

Answer 37

increase in hydrogen ions

Question 38

When the pH is basic...

Answer 38

increase in hydroxide ions

Question 39

readily absorb excess Hydrogen or Hydroxide keep the body's pH in a narrow range for survival

Answer 39

Buffer

Question 40

How buffers work

Answer 40

- When bicarbonate ions combine with free hydrogen ions and become carbonic acid it removes the hydrogen ions, and moderates pH - Carbonic acid can convert to carbon dioxide gas which we then exhale through the lungs that prevent hydrogen ions from building up in the blood. - OR if too much hydroxide enters the system carbonic acid will combine with it to create bicarbonate, lowering the pH. - WITHOUT BUFFER SYSTEM BODY'S PH WOULD FLUCTUATION ENOUGH TO PUT SURVIVAL IN JEOPARDY.

Question 41

Why is carbon a versatile element?

Answer 41

because it can form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making it a good “backbone” for macromolecules.

Question 42

molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement of their atoms or chemical bonds

Answer 42

Isomers

Question 43

differ in placement of their covalent bonds

Answer 43

Structural Isomers

Question 44

similar placements of covalent bonds but differ if how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms

Answer 44

Geometric Isomers

Question 45

share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in the three-dimensional placement of atoms so that they are non-superimposable mirror images

Answer 45

Enantiomers

Question 46

the combination of monomers using covalent bonds to form larger molecules

Answer 46

Polymer

Question 47

single subunits most macromolecules are made from

Answer 47

Monomer

Question 48

breaks down big complex molecules into smaller, easier to absorb molecules

Answer 48

Catabolic

Question 49

builds molecules required for the body’s function

Answer 49

Anabolic

Question 50

When monomers form the polymers they release water molecules as a byproduct

Answer 50

Dehydration Reaction

Question 51

when polymers break down during hydrolysis, when inserting water molecules across the bond it breaks the covalent bonds and the polymer breaks into into monomers, one getting the hydrogen atom and the other the hydroxyl molecule

Answer 51

Hydrolysis

Question 52

simple sugars (mono = one, sacchar = sweet), number of carbons ranges from 3-7

Answer 52

Monosaccharides

Question 53

on the end

Answer 53

Aldose

Question 54

in the middle

Answer 54

Ketose

Question 55

two sugars covalently joined at a glycosidic bond, related because monosaccharides are one sugar molecules while this to two of those joined

Answer 55

Disaccharides

Question 56

the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharides joins with the hydrogen of another monosaccharides forming a covalent bond and dehydration synthesis

Answer 56

Glycosidic Linkage

Question 57

long polymers of monosaccharides

Answer 57

Polysaccharides

Question 58

polymers of alpha-glucose used to store energy (starch) Found in nature from sugars in plants and amylose and amylopectin. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals

Answer 58

Polysaccharide (Energy Storage)

Question 59

polymers of beta-glucose (cellulose) Cellulose - polymer of beta-glucose, found in nature in plant cell walls

Answer 59

Polysaccharides (Structural)

Question 60

store energy (formed by the joining of three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in a dehydration reaction, three molecules of water are released in this process)

Answer 60

Triglycerides

Question 61

Types of Triglycerides

Answer 61

Saturant, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated

Question 62

major plasma membrane constituents that comprise cells outermost layer

Answer 62

Phospholipids

Question 63

Phospholipids in water

Answer 63

The Phospholipid has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Question 64

fused ring structure, it's necessary for the production of cholesterol which is necessary for the body to properly function.

Answer 64

Steroids

Question 65

monomers that comprise proteins

Answer 65

Amino Acids

Question 66

The functional groups present in every amino acid are,

Answer 66

amine and carboxyl

Question 67

Amino acids are classified by..

Answer 67

chiral or alpha carbon, amino group, hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and a side chain (R group)

Question 68

covalent bond

Answer 68

Peptide Bond

Question 69

Polypeptide functional groups...

Answer 69

amino acids carboxyl group and the incoming amino acids group combining releasing a water molecule. The products that form the linkages are peptides and as more amino acids join to the growing chain the result is a polypeptide chain. Grows from the amino acid to the carboxyl end

Question 70

amino acids unique sequence in a polypeptide chain.

Answer 70

Primary structure of a protein

Question 71

local folding of the polypeptide in some regions (a-helix and b-pleated sheets)

Answer 71

Secondary Structure of a Protein

Question 72

polypeptides unique three-dimensional structure

Answer 72

Tertiary Structure of a Protein

Question 73

the interactions of proteins when they form from several polypeptides

Answer 73

Quaternary Structure of a Protein

Question 74

What happen to a protein in unfavorable conditions

Answer 74

the protein structure may change, losing its shape without losing its primary sequence which we call Denaturation.

Question 75

carry the cells genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning

Answer 75

Nucleic Acid

Question 76

genetic material in all living organisms, in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Answer 76

DNA

Question 77

mostly involved in protein synthesis

Answer 77

RNA

Question 78

cytosine, thymine and uracil, single-cell carbon-nitrogen rings as their primary structures

Answer 78

Pyrimidine

Question 79

3 Parts of a Nucletioide

Answer 79

nitrogen base, pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and phosphate group These carbons are important because it distinguishes these residues from those in the base

Question 80

adenine and guanine, primary structure is two-carbon nitrogen rings

Answer 80

Purine

Question 81

Carbons in a Nucleotide

Answer 81

5C’ phosphate group 3C’ hydroxyl group important for synthesis of new DNA and RNA 2C’ Hydroxyl in RNA and hydroxyl in DNA