Unit 1 Flashcards

Question

what makes archaes so unique

Answer 1

- they can survive in extreme : tempreatures, pH, darkness, gasses, habitats (lipids help in hot temp and fatty substances help in cold temp) - do not use oxygen for energy (anaerobic) (live in oxygen free envionrments) - instead gather it from inogranic molecules or light - use carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide as energy - vayr similar to bacteria biochemically but are genetically different ---- RNA chemical differences ---- chemical composition ---- cell membranes - are methogens (produce methane (waste)

Answer 2

1. thermophiles (heat lovers) 2. acidophiles (acid-loving) 4. halophiles (salt-lover)

Answer 3

- organisms commonly refered to as "bacteria" - need oxygen - classified by shape, cell wall, and energy source

Answer 4

1. COCCUS/COCCI - spherical shape - caused by tooth decay - resist drying 2. BACILLUS.BACILLI - rod-shape - caused by food poisonsing - good at absorbing nutrients 3. SPIRILLUS/SPIRILLUM - spiral shape - caused by syphillus (sexually transmitted infection) - moves through fluids with less resistance

Answer 5

1. DIPLO- - arranged in pairs 2. STAPHYLO- - arrange in clusters 3. STREPTO- - arranged in chain

Answer 6

using staining techniques to fin the difference's in amino acids and sugar molecules in cell walls. 1. gram-positive: think protein outer layer (purple) 2. Gram negative: thin protein outer layer (pink)

Answer 7

1. HETEROTROPHS - eats organic molecules from envionrment - eats other organisms 2. PHOTOAUTOTROPH - uses sunlight to make energy 3. PHOTOGETROTROPH - both 1 and 2 4. CHEMOHETEROTROPHS - uses energy released through chemical reactions

Answer 8

Binary fission - as a cell grows, it makes a copy of its chromosome - once it reaches a certain size the cell separates and creates a partition (septum) between the 2 cells - the cell splits into 2 small identical cells - produced within 20 min

Answer 9

1. conjugation - producing cells with new genetic codes - to better adapt to changing conditions - a pilus connects the cells together and transfers the dna into the other 2. Transformation - takes up pieces of DNA from environment (nearby bacteria) 3. Transduction - bacteriophages infect bacteria - cary bacterial genes from one cell and inject them into another

Answer 10

During unfavourable conditions an edospore is a outer covering surrounding the DNA - it is a seed like structure that can resist extreme heat, cold, drying or damaging chemicals - during this stage the cell canot grow or reproduce. - can be destroyed by a pressurized steam container called "autoclave"

Answer 11

a eukaryotic organism, usually contains on cell, that is not a fungus, plant, or animal

Answer 12

- animal-like protist (protozoans) - plant-like protist - fungus-like protist

Answer 13

- can also be called protozoans - they are heterotrophs ] - consume prokaryotes, other protozoans, or organic waste - Some of the species are parasites that take nutrients from the organisms that they reside in

Answer 14

an organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of that organism

Answer 15

cell membrane can change shape - using internal cytosekeleton to move and create different forms (amoebas) Has pseudopods (temporary cytoplasm extension that helps with motion and feeding) amoebas: spread through drinking dirty water

Answer 16

protists that have have many short hair like prjections that cover the surface of the cell These are called cilia - used for movement, feading by sweeping food particles under the cell --> EX paramecium

Answer 17

paramecium join at the mouth pore and exchange DNA from micronucleus - After they divide through mitosis, the offspring are different from original parents - this is a form of sexual reproduction

Answer 18

have one or more flagella that whip from side to side to move them about - they have a hard protective covering over membrane Flagella: tail like structure for movement (whips around at end of cell)

Answer 19

parasites og animals that take nutrients from host - reproduce asexualy and sexually - alternates between 2 hosts - cauase malaria in humans (plasmodium)

Answer 20

heterotrophs that aborb nutrients from other living organisms, dead organisms, and waste - reproduce spores like fungi - the cell wall is different from fung 2 distinct types: - slime mould - water mould

Answer 21

- also called phytoplankton - conatins chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis

Answer 22

- free flowing aquatic organisms - rigid cell walls that contain silica(a common ingredient in glass/sand) - usually reproduce asexual but under unfavorable conditions they reproduce sexually

Answer 23

have 2 flagellas at right angles to each other that spin in water and move through water. - reproduce very easily (results in a population explosion called bloom, algal bloom) - EX red tide: a coastal phenomenon in which dinoflagellates that contain red pigments are so concentrated that the seawater has a deep red colour

Answer 24

- over a thousand species - mostly found in shallow freshwater - have both chloroplasts and flagella, which help conduct photosynthsis and absorb nutrients - have both animal and plant like characteristics - autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in dark.

Answer 25

plants are eukaryotic cell walls that contain cellulose can be arranged into a few major groups (based on presence or absense of vascular tissue and seeds)

Answer 26

- earliest known terrestrial plants - dont have vascular tissues - depended on the procces of diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients - generally grow on the ground with tang;ed vegetation - have no roots but instead have a root like structure called "rhizoids", which do not grow deep into the ground - uses water from rain to reproduce - EX: MOSS, LIVERWORT, HORNWORTS

Answer 27

vascular tissue allwos them to grow tall and give structural support to gain sunlight uses water vapor to reproduce forms a vascular tissue with xylem and phloem to carry material throughout the plant - called vascularization - EX, FERNS

Answer 28

have many benefits allows sexual reproduction without the presence of water protection against harsh environments has 2 categories of seed-producing vascular plants 1. GYMNOSPERMS 2. ANGIOSPERMS

Answer 29

- can see the seeds clearly (naked) (include large trees, pines - the reproductive structures are called "cones" (contains male or female reproductive parts) - the sperm of the male cone is transported to the - - female cone via pollen grain (pollen grain is released into the wind for travel to female cones for firtilization

Answer 30

reproductive parts are in flowers and the seeds are in fruits male gametophyte is reduced to a pollen grain For small flowers, pollen grain is transported by wind For large and colourful flowers, pollen is transported by animals fruits are a mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses formant seeds

Answer 31

fungus/fungi - heterotroph and eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin - they are stationary - all fungi are multicellular except YEAST

Answer 32

made up of mostly eukaryotic cells (contain numerous organelles - their cells do not contain contain chloroplasts and cannot carry out the process of photosynthesis - they are surrounded by a cell wall that is made up of chitin

Answer 33

- hard material found in the external skeleton of invertebrate (cold blooded animal with no backbone) animals like insects

Answer 34

1. Hypha (hyphae) - a multicellular, thread like filament that makes up the basic structure of the fungi 2. Mycelium (mycelia) - a complex net-like mass made of branching hyphae - live in the soil and other nutrients Fruiting Body: - reproductive structure on fungi that produces spores - the top half of the fungi

Answer 35

- fungi that feed on dead organic matter - important decomposers that break down large, complex organic molecules into smaller ones - by doing it they release nitrogen and phsporous into the soil

Answer 36

- soil fungi with mycelia that traps prey - Arthrobotrys specifically feed on tiny worms called nematodes

Answer 37

TYPE 1: MYCORRHIZAE - myco = fungus, rhiza = root - hyphae grow around plant roots and enter root cells and helps plants absorb nutrients - plants produce sugars from photosynthesis absorbed by fungi - this is a symbiotic relationship TYPE 2: LICHENS - form a unique organism that depends on a relationship between 2 species - there are an important food source for animals - some are used for natural dye for wool and colour used in litmus paper

Answer 38

absorbs nutrients from living cells of hosts - harms the host organism - mostly lives inside the host organism - EX: FOOD MOULD, ATHLETES FOOT

Answer 39

they are based on the structure of the fruiting body that they produce.

Answer 40

- not known to reproduce sexually - reproduces asexually - diverse phylum of fungi due to differences EX: LEMON MOULD AND PENICILLIN, CYLOSPORINE - DRUGS USED TO SUPPRESS IMUNE SYSTEM, BLUE CHEESE

Answer 41

- mostly unicellular - aquatic - spores have flagella - can be parasitic or saprobial EX: POTATO WART FUNGUS MAKES DEFORMED POTATOES

Answer 42

- multicellular and terrestrial - can sexually and asexually reproduce - after 2 haploid hyphae fuse nuclei together, they develop zygospores - a thick wall is produced around the zygospore to protect it from drying and unfavourable conditions - EX: FOOD MOULD

Answer 43

- produces small sacs during sexual reproduction EX: YEAST, TRUFFLES & MILDEW

Answer 44

- fruiting bodies release spores called basidospores from basidia (a club shaped hypha found in members of basidiomycotes) - network of hyphae spreads underground - EX MUSHROOMS, PUFFBALLS

Answer 45

vertebrate: an animal with an interval skeleton and a backbone Invertebrate: an animal that does not have a backbone

Answer 46

1. body organization: animals tissues, organs, organs system 2. Digestive tract or gut - does the animals gut have one opening ot two 3. body symmetry - radial symmetry, bilaterial symmetry or asymmetry 4. Arrangement of cells into germ layers - how many germ layers does the animal have 5. body cavity (coelom) formation - what kind of coelom is located between the body wall and gut

Answer 47

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end (anterior) of the body

Answer 48

1. ectoderm: the outer layer - gives rise to skin and nervous system - hairs, nails, feathers, scales (complex animals) 2. mesoderm: middle layer - gives rise to muscular skeleal, circulatory, excretory and reproductive system - found in bilaterally symmetrical organisms (except flatworms) 3. Endoderm: inner layer - gives rise to digestive tract and respiratory systems

Answer 49

a fluid filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems

Answer 50

- most complex and advanced animals - DORSAL NERVE CORD: A tube-shaped cord that extends along the nack of the body (nerve branches) - NOTOCHORD: rod of cartalage found akong dorsal lenghth of body - PHARYNX: passageway that is part of both digestive and respitory tract

Answer 51

Organisms in Kingdom Animalia can be divided into two categories based on the first opening of the embryo, called the blastropore: - Protostomes: mouth opens first -- mollusks, worms, arthropods - Deuterostomes: -- anus opens first - echinoderms, chordates

Answer 52

1. disease outbreaks 2. plant migrations 3. animal migration 4, extreme weather 5. increased co2 levels 6. water availability and quality

Answer 53

- caused by demand for wood products - HABITAT FRAGMENTATION: smaller patches of developments isolated from each other - animals and plants are forced into confined areas

Answer 54

- when humans harvest many natural resources faster than the resources can reproduce and replenish - over hunting/overfishing

Answer 55

- causes problems if no natural enemies are present - can put ecosystems at risk

Answer 56

- areas in bodies of water with low levels of oxygen - cannot support life - due to polution, sewage, fertilizer run of

Answer 57

- the combination of several human activities acting on the enviornment

Answer 58

- happens when species habitat is threatened or cease to exist, or is population is too small - species get reintroduced into the wild

Answer 59

establishing protected areas, restoring habitats, and enacting protection laws - restoration programs to bring back extirpated species (species no long exist in one area but exist elsewhere)

Unit 1 Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things