Unit 1 Flashcards

Question

History of Classification

Answer 1

* Aristotle - introduced two key concepts of taxonomy, and classification of organisms by type and binomial definition * Linnaeus - His system introduced the overall framework of classification that organize all animals and plants from the level of kingdoms all the way down to species. He was the first to combine a hierarchal system of classification from kingdom to species with the method of binomial nomenclature, using it to consistently identify every species

Answer 2

1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species King Philip Can Only Find Green Socks *All levels have similar rules, just gets more specific in each level*

Answer 3

→ First developed by Linnaeus → Given a two word name consisting of the genus and species → Method used to name all organisms

Answer 4

* Archea - They are prokaryotic cells, have the ability to with stand extreme temperature and highly acidic conditions (extremophile) * Bacteria - Prokaryotic cells, but membranes are different, great deal of diversity, almost impossible to determine how many different species of bacteria there are on the planet * Eukarya -Eukaryotic cells, similar membranes to bacteria, four Kingdoms fit into this domain

Answer 5

* Eukarya → Anamalia - cells are eukaryotic, multicellular, has no cell wells, they are heterotrophs,use sexual reproduction, over 1.3 million species Ex) cat, butterfly, whale, swan → Plantae- cells are eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls made of cellulose, autotrophs, asexual & sexual reproduction Ex) moss, green algae, fern, sunflower → Fungi - cells are eukaryotic, unicellular, cell walls that contain chitin, heterotrophs, asexual reproduction Ex) mushroom, mold, cup fungi, bread mold → Protista - cells are eukaryotic, multicellular + unicellular, mainly have no cell wall, sometimes do, heterotroph or autotroph, asexual reproduction Ex) ameba, red algae, dicitoms, kelp → Monera - splits into bacteria and archea - Eubacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls with peptigdyglacan, mostly heterotrophs, some autotrophs, asexual reproduction Ex) salmonella, E.coli, streptococcus - Archaebacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls with polysaccharides, heterotroph or autotroph, asexual reproduction Ex) halophiles, methanogens, thermoacidophiles

Answer 6

Start by drawing a large diagonal line, then start with the character that is shared by all the taxa, then keep moving up the line doing the same process. Each time you move up the characteristics get more specific and apply to the character and the ones above it. Sometimes if there are more than one character that match the characteristic, they branch straight up and keep getting more specific

Answer 7

The purpose of a dichotomus key is to help identify living and non living things, and naming a species based on the different traits that they have. It is a list of questions or a flow chart that starts with two traits with a yes or no answer, and it slowly breaks it down to more specific traits until the species is named and identified

Answer 8

→ Innate Behaviour - behaviours you're born with; genetically determined and encoded within DNA * Taxis - not immediate, more gradual; directional movement responses; can be positive or negative (positive chemotaxis, negative chemotaxis) * Kinesis - non directional movement responses; movement in particular direction; increased rate of movement under unfavourable conditions * Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) - set of responses to non-immediate stimulus; follows same set of rules → Learned Behaviour- determined by genetic makeup and interactions/influence of the environment. Learned through conditioning, imprinting, habituation. Not passed down genetically, may be taught to offspring

Answer 9

→ Phototropism - involves the bending of stems and other plant parts towards sources of light, generally the sun. Plants grow taller when near others, as they compete get more light → Gravitropism - when a plant tips over, the shoot will bend and grow upwards. Gravity is perceived by the cells, and signals form, elongation occurs and plant grows upwards → Thigmotropism - response of a plant or plant part with the touch of an object, plant, animals, and maybe wind tendril will curl around an object sometimes in 3 to 10 minutes → Auxin - increases plasticity in plant cell walls, can enlarge in response to changes. Allows for the plant to bend towards the light. It's fully covered from light, the plant will not bend or move → Cytokinins - naturally occurring growth hormones in plants. Stimulates cell division and differentiation in plants. They increase cell expansion during the expansion stages of leaf cell development → Gibberellins - a group of plant hormones that occur in seeds, young leaves, and roots. Plays a crucial role in stem growth and can restore growth in plants. Stimulates the production of specific enzymes needed for food

Answer 10

Defence against predators using a few different defence mechanisms. It releases nicotine which poisons almost every predator, it's leaves releases a scent for an SOS which calls on predators, and it lets out a sweet trichrome that caterpillars will eat, which causes a sent that attracts predators

Answer 11

The difference between the two is that nonspecific protective mechanisms attack all invaders equally, while specific responses are tailored to particularly types of invaders Non-specific - Phagocytes Specific - T cells & B cells

Answer 12

It's the ability to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously. Plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates have this, innate immune cells do not

Answer 13

It's a system that helps boost the power of the immune system. It's not found in most invertebrates, but many arthropods have it

Answer 14

When plants are attacked by a pathogen they die to prevent the spread of the pathogen to the rest of the plant

Answer 15

* Sexual - requires a male and a female, combine gametes into one cell, process is called fertilization. One advantage is that it improves the chances of having offspring that will survive in various unpredictable environments. A disadvantage is that it takes more time and energy to find a mate and reproduce * Asexual - the production of an individual from a single organism. Single parent cells doubles its DNA, cells divides into two cells. An advantage is that it only needs one parent that requires less time energy, population can increase rapidly. A disadvantage is the lack of diversity, can be identical to parent, become more susceptible to diseases the parent had