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AP PSYCH > UNIT 1 (CH 1/2) > Flashcards

UNIT 1 (CH 1/2) Flashcards

1
Q

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

A

empiricism

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2
Q

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

A

structuralism

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3
Q

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

functionalism

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4
Q

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

A

behaviorism

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5
Q

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth

A

humanistic psychology

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6
Q

the inter-disciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

A

cognitive neuroscience

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7
Q

the science of behavior and mental processes

A

psychology

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8
Q

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science see traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of both.

A

nature-nurture issue

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9
Q

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on the succeeding generations

A

natural selection

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10
Q

the differing complementary views, from biological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

A

level of analysis

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11
Q

an integrated appraoch that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

A

biopsychosocial approach

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12
Q

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

A

biological psychology

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13
Q

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

A

evolutionary psychology

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14
Q

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

A

psychodynamic psychology

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15
Q

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

A

behavioral psychology

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16
Q

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

cognitive psychology

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17
Q

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

A

social-cultural psychology

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18
Q

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

A

psychometrics

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19
Q

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

A

basic research

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20
Q

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

A

developmental psychology

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21
Q

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

A

educational psychology

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22
Q

the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

Personality psychology

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23
Q

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

A

social psychology

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24
Q

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

applied research

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25
Q

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

A

industrial-organizational psychology (I/O)

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26
Q

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

A

human factors psychology

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27
Q

a branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

A

counseling psychology

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28
Q

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

A

clinical psychology

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29
Q

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicianswho often provice medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

A

psychiatry

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30
Q

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

A

Introspection

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31
Q

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

behavior genetics

32
Q

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

culture

33
Q

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

A

positive psychology

34
Q

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

A

testing effect

35
Q

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

A

community psychology

36
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it (also known as I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

A

hindsight bias

37
Q

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

critical thinking

38
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

theory

39
Q

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

hypothesis

40
Q

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

A

operational definition

41
Q

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

A

replication

42
Q

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

case study

43
Q

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of a group

A

survey

44
Q

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

population

45
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sample

46
Q

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

naturalistic observation

47
Q

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

A

correlation

48
Q

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

A

correlation coefficient

49
Q

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).

A

scatterplot

50
Q

the perception of a relationship where none exists

A

illusory correlation

51
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

A

experiment

52
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

A

random assignment

53
Q

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

A

double-blind procedure

54
Q

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

placebo effect

55
Q

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

experimental group

56
Q

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contracts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

control group

57
Q

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

independent variable

58
Q

a factor other that the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

confounding variable

59
Q

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

dependent variable

60
Q

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

A

mode

61
Q

the arithmetic average if a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

mean

62
Q

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above and half are below

A

median

63
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

range

64
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

standard deviation

65
Q

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

A

normal curve (normal distribution)

66
Q

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

informed consent

67
Q

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

debriefing

68
Q

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

sampling bias

69
Q

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward the average.

A

regression toward the mean

70
Q

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

A

descriptive statistics

71
Q

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

A

histogram

72
Q

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

skewed distribution

73
Q

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

A

inferential statistics

74
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

statistical significance

75
Q

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

A

variable

76
Q

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

A

SQ3R

77
Q

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

A

Validity

AP PSYCH (9 decks)

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