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AP PSYCH (swapped) > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

empiricism

A

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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2
Q

structuralism

A

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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3
Q

functionalism

A

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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4
Q

experimental psychology

A

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

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5
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

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6
Q

humanistic psychology

A

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth

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7
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the inter-disciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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8
Q

psychology

A

the science of bahavior and mental processes

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9
Q

nature-nurture issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science see traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of both.

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10
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on the succeeding generations

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11
Q

level of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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12
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated appraoch that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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13
Q

biological psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes

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14
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection

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15
Q

psychodynamic psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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16
Q

behavioral psychology

A

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

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17
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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18
Q

social-cultural psychology

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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19
Q

psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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20
Q

basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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21
Q

developmental psychology

A

the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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22
Q

educational psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

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23
Q

personailty psychology

A

the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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24
Q

social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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25
Q

applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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26
Q

industrial-organizational psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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27
Q

human factors psychology

A

the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments

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28
Q

counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assist people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

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29
Q

clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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30
Q

psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicianswho often provice medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

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31
Q

Introspection

A

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes

32
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

33
Q

culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

34
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

35
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

36
Q

community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

37
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it (also known as I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

38
Q

critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

39
Q

theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

40
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

41
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

42
Q

replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

43
Q

case study

A

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

44
Q

survey

A

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of a group

45
Q

population

A

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

46
Q

random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

47
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

48
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

49
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

50
Q

scatterplot

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).

51
Q

illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship where none exists

52
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

53
Q

random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

54
Q

double-blind procedure

A

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

55
Q

placebo effect

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

56
Q

experimental group

A

in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

57
Q

control group

A

in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contracts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

58
Q

independent variable

A

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

59
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other that the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

60
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

61
Q

mode

A

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

62
Q

mean

A

the arithmetic average if a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

63
Q

median

A

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above and half are below

64
Q

range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

65
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

66
Q

normal curve (normal distribution)

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

67
Q

informed consent

A

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

68
Q

debriefing

A

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

69
Q

sampling bias

A

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

70
Q

regression toward the mean

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward the average.

71
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

72
Q

histogram

A

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

73
Q

skewed distribution

A

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

74
Q

inferential statistics

A

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

75
Q

statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

76
Q

variable

A

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

AP PSYCH (swapped) (9 decks)

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