Unit 1 Flashcards
Elizabethan Age
The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603).
Mannerism
Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to, the harmonious ideals associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Vasari,and early Michelangelo. Where High Renaissance art emphasizes proportion, balance, and ideal beauty, Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant.
Manorialism
The manor system; feudalism
Michelangelo Buonarroti
David; the last judgement, Sistine chapel. Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, of the High Renaissance.
Boccaccio
Giovanni Boccaccio was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.
Leon Battista Alberti
Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature of those identified now as polymaths. He is considered the founder of Western cryptography.
.
More became an important statesman and scholar. He was also one of the most eminent humanists of the Renaissance. More is noted for coining the word “Utopia,” in reference to an ideal political system in which policies are governed by reason. He was canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint in 1935, and has been commemorated by the Church of England as a “Reformation martyr.”
Usury
By the 12th century, laws against charging interest were enforced by the Church.
Albrecht Dürer
Painter of German Renaissance
Donatello
Sculptor of the Italian renaissance
Filippo Brunelleschi
Renaissance architect. Dome of Duomo in Florence.
Fuggers
German influential Banking family. German equivalent of the Medicis
Marsiglio Finicio
Ficino is considered the most important advocate of Platonism in the Renaissance, and his philosophical writings and translations are thought to have made a significant contribution to the development of early modern philosophies.
Pico Della Mirandola
Pico della Mirandola was one of the first to resurrect the humanism of ancient Greek philosophy. He also believed that every religion shares some elements of truth, and set out to create a synthesis of several great religions and major philosophies including those of Plato and Aristotle.
Viceroyalty system
a local, political, social, and administrative institution, created by the Spanish monarchy in the sixteenth century, for ruling its overseas territories.
Henry the Navigator
a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion. Through his administrative direction, he is regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discovery.
John Cabot
John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer. His 1497 voyage to the coast of North America under the commission of Henry VII, King of England is the earliest known European exploration of coastal North America since the Norse visits to Vinland in the eleventh century.
Sir Francis Drake
First English circumnavigation of the world.
Sir Thomas More
Thomas More served as a well-known humanist during the Renaissance period. His most notable work of humanism, Utopia. Was chancellor of England and disagreed with both the Protestant Reformation and Henry III Divorce.
Cardinal Richelieu
Consecrated a bishop in 1607, Richelieu was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. He continued to rise through the hierarchy of both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a cardinal in 1622 and chief minister to King Louis XIII of France in 1624.
Philip Il of Spain
Spanish king during Dutch revolt “80 years war” The son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal; inherited both empires. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581.
Concordat of Bologna
Agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X.
The Concordat permitted the Pope to collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France, while the King of France was confirmed in his right to tithe the clerics[5] and to restrict their right of appeal to Rome.
Francis I
A prodigious patron of the arts, he promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa, which Francis had acquired. Francis’ reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World. Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire.
Henry Il
Made legal reforms and is seen as founder of English Common Law
Cavaliers
Royalist who supported Charles the first under divine right rule
Roundheads
Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England
Discourse on Method
Rene Descartes -one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the development of natural sciences.
Madame Geoffrin
French salon holder who was one of the leading female figures of the French enlightenment.
Physiocrats
an economic theory which states that the wealth of nations is derived solely from the value of “land agriculture” or “land development” and that agricultural products. It was developed by a group of French thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.
François Quesnay
French Economist. François Quesnay was the leading figure of the Physiocrats, generally considered to be the first school of economic thinking.
Nine Years’ War
The Nine Years’ War, was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial possessions in the Americas, India, and West Africa. Related conflicts include the Williamite war in Ireland, and King William’s War in North America. British soldiers joined a European alliance against French expansionism
Joseph II
Son of Maria Theresa. Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism; however, his commitment to secularizing, liberalizing and modernizing reforms resulted in significant opposition, which resulted in failure to fully implement his programs. Meanwhile, territorial gains, his reckless foreign policy badly isolated Austria. He has been ranked with Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia as one of the three great Enlightenment monarchs.
Frederick William I
Frederick was a supporter of enlightened absolutism, stating that the ruler should be the first servant of the state. He modernised the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service, and pursued religious policies throughout his realm that ranged from tolerance to segregation.
He focused on state development and financial reorganization, imposing taxes and stringent regulations on public servants. He made efforts to reduce crime and centralized his authority.
